高考英语 冲刺讲义七 情态动词和虚拟语气.doc

七、情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词i.情态动词基本用法情态动词用 法否定式疑问式简答式can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /cant docando?yes,can.no,cantcouldcouldnt domay可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do maydo?yes,may. no,mustnt/cant.mightmight not domightdo?yes,mightno,might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustnt domustdo? to.yes,must.no,neednt/dont havehave to只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化）dont have to dodohave to do?yes,do. no,dont.ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should）ought not to/oughtnt to dooughtto do?yes,ought. no,oughtnt.shall用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doshalldo?yes,shall. no,shant.should应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldnt doshoulddo?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉will not/wont dowill/woulddo?yes,will. no,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darent dodaredo?yes,dare.no,darent.need需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/neednt doneeddo?yes,must. no,neednt.used to过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to dousedto do?diduse to do?yes,used. no,use(d)nt. yes,did. no,didnt.ii.情态动词的重点知识表示“能力、许可”的can和may表示能力的情态动词用can/coulda computer_think for itself; it must be told what to do.a.cant b.mustnt c.may not d.might not表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could?或might？ 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确（must表示一定，必须，mustnt表示禁止，不许可）。could i call you by your first name? yes, you_a.will b.could c.may d.mightjohnny, you_play with the knife, you_hurt yourself.a.wont/cant b.mustnt/may c.shouldnt/must d.cant/shouldnt在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。the fire spread through the hotel very quickly buteveryone_get out.a.had to b.would c.could d.was able to表示“推断、判断”的canmay,must在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。peter_come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.a.must b.may c.can d.will而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：mary is in poor health. she can be ill at any times.在否定句中只能用can和may。所以cant时用以代替mustnt，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。michael_be a policeman, for hes much too short.a.neednt b.cant c.should d.may在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。he may be very busy now. can he be very busy now?he must be very busy now. can he be very busy now?needneed作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。daredare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare和dared两个词形，除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。if he dare come,i will kick him out. i dont know whether hedare say.注意:he doesnt dare(to)answer the question.（否定句）does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句）shall用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。what shall we do this evening?用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。you shall fail if you dont work harder. 警告he shall have the book when i finish reading.允诺he shall be punished.威胁should劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。you should(ought to) go to class right away. i should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble.will/would请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。would you pass me the book?表示意志、愿望和决心。i will never do that again. they asked us if we would do that againwould可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。during the vacation he would visit me every weekthe wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合）would表示估计或猜想。it would be about ten when he left home. what would she be doing there?情态动词+have done的用法could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。you could have done better, but you didnt try your best.cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。he cannot have been to that town.can+主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在疑问句中）。can he have got the book?might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。he may not have finished the work.if we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.must+ have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为：cannot have done。you must have seen the film.you cannot have seen the film.neednt+ have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。you neednt have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain.注意：didnt need to(have to)do：没有必要做而实际上也没有做i didnt need to clean the windows.my sister did it 2 hours ago.should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。you should have started earlier, but you didnt.she shouldnt have taken away my measuring tape,for i worked to use it.注意：he should have finished the work by now.（表推测）虚拟语气类 别用 法例 句if引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+doif he were here, he would help us.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+done主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+doneif i had been free,i would have visited you.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+to do主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形if it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.省略if的虚拟条件句将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装should he come ,tell him to ring me up.were i you,i would not do it.had i been free,i would have visited you.混合虚拟条件句不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则if he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.if he had told me yesterday,i should know what to do now.if i were you, i would have gone to her birthday party.虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则he could have passed the exam,but he wasnt careful enough. you should have come earlier.the bus left a moment ago.含蓄虚拟条件句but for+名词表示虚拟条件句子或主句中的谓语动词的形式视具体情况而定。这是考查考生应变能力的最佳试题。-but for your timely warning,we _ into great trouble.-you know were friends.a. would get b. must have got c. would have got d. cant have gotwithout+名词表示虚拟条件without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.动词不定式表示虚拟条件it would be only partly right to follow in this way.如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。现在分词表示虚拟条件having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。过去分词表示虚拟条件given more attention, the tree could have grown better.如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。副词otherwise表示虚拟条件i was too busy at that time.otherwise,i would have called you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件he _fatter but he eats too little .a. would become b. would have become c. must become d. must have become 其它状语从句as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或haddone或wouldcouldmightdo。注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气：当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时：it sounds as if it is raining听起来像是在下雨。he talks as if he is drunk从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。与现在事实相反he talks as if he knew where she was与过去事实相反he talks about rome as if he had been there before.与将来事实相反he opened his mouth as if he would say something.in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+doturn on