6级阅读练习详细讲解复习资料1.docx

阅读理解题真题资料详细分析2015复习资料As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. Thats partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert（发挥） more effort, to achieve those goals.Whats far less understood（万万没想到） by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting.Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street, yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-trumpeted practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis , and unethical (不道德的) behavior in general(大体上).Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to exert more effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in unethical behaviors, says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penns Wharton School.It turns out theres no economic benefit to just having a goal-you just get a psychological benefit Schweitzer says. But in many cases, goals have economic rewards that make them more powerful.A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse倒闭 崩毁 of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue收益 goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is the actual trades were not profitable无利可图的.Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It prompted employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken issue with his teams use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-prescribed.In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes: Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of purpose.But Schweitzer contends the mounting causal evidence linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight issues that merit caution and further investigation. Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects, he says.Goal-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm the organization, Schweitzer says.阅读理解题1/51What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?A. Its negative effects have long been neglected.B. The goals increase peoples work efficiency.C. Its role has been largely underestimated.D. The goals most people set are unrealistic.Underestimate 低估原则 看人看类型 做题看题型题干中表明author try to convey作者想表达什么 判断为主旨题主旨题 看各段首句 这题 第二段有明显转折 你要是不斜视 都能明白什么意思 However，are potentially harmful effects of goal-setting答案A阅读理解题2/52What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?A. Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.B. Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals.C. Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals.D. Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power.显然这题为例证题 题干中有 by citing the example of Enron 则定位词为 Enron ，Maurice Schweitzer在文中红色部分显然巨大的安然能源公司，由于管理人员使用财政的刺激销售人员去达到特殊的收益目标 怎么样 collapse 倒闭了 后面 the problem，he says，is the actual trades were not profitable无利可图的.这个人想表达什么？很明显想去证明他的观点 答案选Dog选项阅读理解题3/53How did Sears goal-setting affect its employees?A. They were obliged to work more hours to increase their sales.B. They competed with one another to attract more customers.C. They resorted to unethical practice to meet their sales quota.D. They improved their customer service on a companywide basis.细节题 定位Sears ，employee看蓝色部分看A选项 说他们不得不去多工作增加自己的限售业绩 显然错了文中Overcharge 不负责任 看B 选项compete with竞争 one another 互相 这是积极的表现 大错特错看D 选项 也是积极的态度看正确答案 词组 resort to 使用 采取unethical practice 不道德的措施 为原文中：overcharge for work and compete unnecessary repaired 同意替换 为6级阅读的重要考点阅读理解题4/5（注意：此题为6级考试中的青藏高原题）4What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzers research?A. Its findings are not of much practical value.B. It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.C. Its conclusion is not based on solid scientific evidence.D. It runs counter to the existing literature on the subject.步骤：1. 先看题干 做题原则 此题为文章某段细节题 2. 定位词为Schweitzers research，advocate （提倡） 见文章中黄色部分。3. runs counter to背道而驰 首先文中的斜体部分意思为 支持者争辩说他提供的这样的新闻发布会的证据去支持他的结论 。首先 his team ，his conclusion ，都指代是Schweitzer 后面为widely over-prescribed把设立目标太过夸大了 S是不支持设立目标的 所以他夸大的是消极的一面，而非积极的一面。4. 分析A 选项not of much practice value 没太多的实施价值 偷换概念 C 选项 无中生有 D 选项这个选项你不觉得很可笑吗 Boy选项正确 考查exaggerate夸大的 原文中为over-prescribed的同意替换.阅读理解题5/55What is Schweitzers contention against Edwin Locke?A. The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.B. Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture.C. The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects.D. Studying goal-setting can throw more light on successful business practices.细节题 A 选项看清主语 考查语法B 选项 根本瞎说C 选项正反混淆【参考译文】 想减肥的人都知道，设定一个现实可行的目标通常会取得最佳结果，部分原因在于，设定现实可行的目标的人，似乎效率更高，也会为实现这些目标而付出更多的努力，1然而，科学家万万没有想到的是，目标的设定可能会带来不利的影响。报纸上每天都充斥着关于华尔街或主街上各行各业制定业绩目标的报道。然而令人惊讶的是，对于这些长期被吹捧的目标设定行为可能加剧当前的经济危机和一般不道德行为，相关研究却寥寥无几。“目标设定被广泛应用于各行各业，人们宣称它能带来实实在在的好处然而，目标在激励人们作出更多建设性的努力的同时，也可能使他们更容易做出不道德的行为。”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的副教授莫里斯?施魏策尔如是说。“事实证明，单纯地设定目标并不能带来经济利益，而仅仅是在心理上有一定益处。”施魏策尔说，“2但在很多情况下，完成目标后会得到经济回报，这便是目标发挥作用的原因。”施魏策尔和他的同事引用的一个典型案例就是能源贸易巨头安然公司(Enron)在2004年的倒闭。该公司的管理人员曾经用经济奖励来激励其销售人员完成特定的收益目标。施魏策尔说，问题在于，这些贸易实际上根本无利可图。3其他的一些研究表明，给员工强加不切实际的目标会迫使他们说谎、欺骗或者盗窃。20世纪90年代初就有这么一个例子。西尔斯公司(Sears)给它的汽车维修部员工强加了销售指标。这使得其员工在工作时收费过高，导致整个公司都做了一些不必要的维修工作。施魏策尔承认他的研究与宣称设定目标有诸多好处的大量文献资料相抵触4这种做法(即宣称设定目标有诸多好处)的支持者争辩说，施魏策尔的团队仅仅用新闻报道之类的证据采支持其有关“目标设定被普遍滥用”的结论。 在一篇反驳性的论文中，埃德温?洛克博士写道：“目标设定不会消失。如果不能专注于期望获得的最终结果，组织机构就无法蓬勃发展，正如一个人如果没有目标赋予的使命感就无法取得长足的进步。” 5然而施魏策尔认为应该对那些不断增加的、把目标设定和有害行为联系起来的因果性证据进行研究，这有助于明确那些值得引起注意和深入调查的问题。他说：“即使少许负面的作用也可能产生很大的影响，以至于会盖过众多积极的作用。” “目标设定确实能协调和激励人们。我的想法是. 要将它与细心的监管以及强大的组织文化结合起来，并确保设定的目标是具有建设性的，且不会明显伤害到该组织。”施魏策尔说道。长难句分析1. Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street , yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-trumpeted practice of