讲解初中定语从句.doc

讲解初中定语从句 一、定义：在复合句中，用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。二、基本结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.2) You must do everything that I do.说明：（1）、上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。（2）、引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格who, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why等（3）、关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分（主语、宾语等）三、关系代词引导的定语从句（一）. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物主语 Who which that宾语 Whom which that例1：This is the detective who came from London.例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.例3：The man who(m) you are talking to is my good friend.例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用who 或whom. 例：Is there anyone here who will go with you?2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语。Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语) (2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)特别说明：1定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关联词。2定语从句在选择关连词that与which时，常常容易出错，所以应记住什么时候只能用that，什么时候只能用which.具体使用时还要注意下列问题：（1）、只能使用that,不用which 的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。（2）、只用which不用that的情况：a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?6.When,where,why引导的定语从句：1.先行词表示时间、地点、原因，但关系词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时，应用关系代词that或which.如：Ill never forget 1976 that / which was full of sadness.(作主语)我不会忘记充满悲哀的1976年。I regret the days (that/which) I wasted in the woods.(作宾语)我后悔在森林里虚度的日子。This is the factory that/which produces cars. (作主语)这就是那个生产小汽车的工厂。This is the factory (that/which) he visited yesterday.(作宾语)这就是他昨天参观的工厂。This is the reason that/which is unreasonable. (作主语)这是一个没道理的理由。This is the reason (that/which) he raised. (作宾语)这是他提出的理由。2. 关系副词有时相当于 “适当的介词+关系代词”。如： where=in/on whichThis is the room where / in which he lives.这就是他住的房间。I can see the desk where / on which there is a book.我能看见上面有一本书的那张桌子。 when= on/in/at whichI still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那一年。I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那一天。I still remember the date when/at which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那个日子。 why=for whichThis is the reason why / for which he was killed.这是他被杀害的原因。3. 当先行词为time表示 “次数”时，常用关系词that或省去关系词，而不用when来引导定语从句。如：This is the first/last time that I shall give you a lesson.这是我第一次/最后一次给你们上课。4. 当point， situation等词作先行词表抽象的地点，其后常由where引导定语从句， where在定语从句中作地点状语。Can you think out a situation where this word can be used? 你能设想这个单词被使用的场合吗?Her illness has developed to the point where7介词关系代词是一个普遍使用的结构。 (1) 介词关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。介词关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。例:Is that the house in which you live ?关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.练习适当的关系词填空：1. I still remember the night _I first came to the house.2. Ill never forget the day_ we met each other last week.3. Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _is the best season there.4. I will never forget the days _I spent with your family.5. Ill never forget the last day_ we spent together.6. This is the school _I used to study.7. Do you still remember the place_ we visited last week?8. Do you still remember the place_ we visited the painting exhibition?9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_is famous for the West Lake?10. Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, _lies the West Lake?11. Tom will go to Shanghai,_live his two brothers.12. I live in Beijing,_is the capital of China.13. There was a time _there were slaves in the USA.14. It is the third time _you have made the same mistake.15. It was in the street _I met John yesterday.16. It was about 600 years ago_the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17. The moment _I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.18. This is the very novel about_weve talked