高中历史 Module 3 The violence of nature词汇解读 外研版必修3(1).doc

module 3 the violence of natureexplanations for new words and phrases1disaster: n. 灾难。 event that causes great harm or damage after the disaster there were many people who wanted food and shelter. 灾难过后，既没食又没住。 disaster指自然灾害，强调实际造成的损失和困难。口语中还可表示“彻底失败的人或事物”。如：the dinner party was a disaster. 宴会彻底失败。2flood: n. 洪水。 great quantity of water over a place usually dry 导学p29-1the town was destroyed by the floods after the storm. 暴风雨后的洪水冲毁了这座城镇。 固定搭配： a flood of 多，大批/大量的 a flood of words口若悬河 a flood of people人潮如涌a flood of tears泪如泉涌 a flood of anger一股怒气/满腔怒火 in flood：（河水）泛滥。in the 19th century a flood of settlers left europe for america. 19世纪,大量移民离开欧洲涌到美洲。flood .with .：给某人大量的；大量的涌向；被淹；挤满/充满。 如：the school was flooded with water. 被水淹了。 the room was flooded with light. 房间一片灯光。her eyes were flooded with tears. 她眼里满是泪水。3column: n. 柱状物/体/圆柱= a tall solid upright post；纵队/直行；专栏(文章)。the temple is supported by massive columns. 此庙由粗大的柱子支撑。 i always read her column in the local paper. 我经常在当地报纸上看她的专栏文章。 4experience: v. 经历，体验；感受 n. 经验/体验(常跟in)u；经历(的事)c。 导学p29-2he experienced great difficulty in getting a visa to leave the country. 申请出国签证经历了很大困难please tell us of your experiences while in africa. 请告诉我们你在非洲的经历。she has no experience in cooking.没下厨体验。 toms father is a professor with much experience.from / by experience 凭经验；从经验中(得出) in ones experience据某人经验看experiment n.实验、试验； experimenter n.实验者； experienced adj.有经验的,有阅历的,熟练的； inexperienced adj.没有经验的,没有阅历的,不熟练的。5cause: vt. 引起；导致。 = to lead to; give rise to; cause to happen or occur 导学p30-3the cold weather caused the plants to die. 天气寒冷冻死了植物。 cause: n. 原因。 cause and effect因果。 there is no cause for anxiety. 不必忧虑。 辨析：(1) cause, make和bring about： 三个都有“致使，导致”的意思，但具体还有一些区别：cause表示某结果，某情况或某事是怎样造成或发生的，可与表示结果的直接宾语连用，还可指所产生的结果与所涉及的人有关，后接to do结构但不用于被动语态“cause sb./sth. to do sth.使得做”。what caused his illness? 是什么使他生病？ the pepper in the food caused me to / made me sneeze. 这食物中的胡椒味儿呛得我直打喷嚏。make表示某结果，某情况或某事是怎样造成或发生的，后面可接to do结构，to习惯上被省略。如果make意思为“迫使”时，可用于被动语态。如： her jokes made us all laugh.她说的笑话把我们都逗乐了。bring about“引起，导致”，表示某结果，某情况或某事是怎样造成或发生的，所表示的因果关系不那么直接。several causes operated to bring about the war. 那场战争的起因有几个。(2) cause和reason： 两个词作名词的时候，都可以表示原因，但还有些区别：cause“原因，起因”，名词，多与of连用，表产生结果的直接原因，一般不用于人；还可作“事业”讲。如：police are investigating the causes of the explosion. 警方正在调查爆炸的原因。she is devoted to the cause of womens rights. 她致力于女权运动。reason“原因，理由，动机”，名词，多与for连用，也可接to do结构，还可接why/that从句。表示做某事的原因或理由，往往是事后才提出的理由。还可作“理智”讲。如：we have reason to believe that he was murdered. 我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的。the reason for the flood was all that heavy rain. 这次洪水都是由于那场大雨引起的。the reason why he couldnt get that job was that his english was not very good.他没有得到那份工作的原因是他的英语不是很好。excuse”借口”，暗指你可能并不相信那是真的；即使是真的，也不相信它足以解释所发生的事。6current: n. 海流；潮流；水流；气流。= a continuously moving mass of water or air the current of cool air is coming from the air conditioner. 那股冷风是从空调机里吹出来的。 current: 还可表示(事情、舆论等的) 动向，趋势。current: 还可作形容词，意思是“时下的，流通的”。短语current affairs意为“时事”。7furniture: n. 家具。= tables, chairs, etc. put into a room for living or working in 导学p32-8-1the old french table is a very valuable piece of furniture. 这张旧的法国桌子是一件很贵重的家具。拓展：furniture是不可数名词，不可直接和不定冠词a连用，但可表示为：a piece of furniture一件家具。8bury: vt. 埋藏；埋葬；遮盖/用覆盖；忘记。= to cover with soil, rocks, etc. 导学p30-5 短语： bury sb./ sth. in /at将埋葬在 bury sth. under / beneath将埋在下面bury ones head/face in hands用手捂住头/脸bury oneself in be buried in埋头干/专心致力于the house was buried under ten feet of snow. 那所房子被埋藏在十英尺厚的雪底下。 the enemy buried him alive.敌人将他活埋了。 the house was half buried under snow. 房子一半hes been dead and buried for years. 他已死亡并且埋葬多年了! 埋在雪中。her head was buried in the book she was reading. 她在埋头读书。 书房埋头工作。right after dinner he would go into his study and bury himself in his work. 他总是一吃完饭就走进表“埋头于，全心致力于”的短语还有：be absorbed in全神贯注于 concentrate on全神贯注于 concern oneself with/in忙于某事fix ones attention on全神贯注于 be occupied with忙于absorbed in his work, he didnt notice me enter the room.9feather: n. 羽毛。 = growing from a birds skin and covering its body feather is very light, so that we say “as light as a feather”. 羽毛很轻，因此我们说“轻如鸿毛”。 in high/good feather：得意的，兴高采烈，精神抖擞。如：john seems in very high feather since his book was so successful. 约翰很得意，因为他的书很成功。show the white feather：示弱，怯懦。 辨析：feather指鸟类的羽毛。 fur指动物的浓密的软毛，毛皮，尤指做服装等用的毛皮。10occur: vi. 发生，出现；(想法、念头等)突然想起，浮现。= to take place; happen。 导学p30-5occur的过去式，过去分词要双写r加-ed。the disease occurs most frequently in rural areas. 那疾病多见于农村地区。 sth. occurs to sb. 某事浮现在某人脑海中；某人想到 a good idea occurred to me.it occurs to sb. that./to do 的念头浮现于(某人)脑海；某人想起/想到。如：it occurred to me that we should go there more often. 我想我们应该更常到那里去。 if anything should occur, . 如果发生什么事情的话，辨析：happen, take place, occur, come about和break out这些词都有“发生”的意思，都不可以用于被动语态。happen “发生，碰巧”。最广泛的表事情发生的词。常指具体的、偶然或突发性的事件发生。i happened to see him on my way home. = it happened that i saw him on my way home. take place “发生，举行/办”，指事情有计划的，在特定的地方或时间发生或举行。great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years.the meeting will take place next friday. the concert takes place next thursday.occur “发生”，与happen通用但比happen正规。多指突发事件或未经筹划的事。what has occurred? (= what has happened?) come about “发生、产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句。 when mother woke up, she didnt know what had come about. break out “发生、爆发”，常指战争、灾难、疾病或者争吵等事件的发生，也可以表示突然大声叫喊等。two world wars broke out last century. 11violent: adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；强烈的。= acting with using great damaging physical force meet a violent death 死于非命violent criminals like that are a danger to society. 那种暴力罪犯对社会是一种危害。 violence： n. 暴力，侵犯。do violence to sth.：对破坏；与不符；歪曲事实 it would do violence to his principles to eat meat. 吃肉与他的原则相违背。these modern buildings do violence to the beauty of the old city. 现代建筑破坏了古城之美。12wave: n. 波浪。= raised moving part on the surface of water the boat rose and fell on the waves. 小船随着波浪起伏。 in waves： “一批一批的，波浪式的”。 the enemy attacked in waves. 敌人一批一批地进攻。wave：vi. 挥手/摆手/挥动/摆动。 wave to sb. 意思是“朝某人挥手”。如：he waved his stick in the air. 他挥舞着他的手杖。13strike(struck；struck/stricken): vt. = to make an attack 导学p33-11(1) (雷电、暴风雨等灾害或疾病的) 突然袭击。the area was struck by a hurricane.该地区突遭飓风袭击。 many people didnt have any preparation in their minds when the earthquake struck the city.(2) 突然想到(主意等) it strikes sb. = it occurs to sb.。 a good idea suddenly struck me.(3) 打动(某人)的心，给予印象。 the visitors were struck by the beauty of the country.(4) 划火柴，敲钟/钟表报时。 the clock has just stuck. 时钟刚刚敲过。the church clock struck eleven when i reached the village.(5) 打某人某部位。“strike sb.介词the部位”。 a snowball struck him on the head.n. 罢工，攻击。 be /go on strike. within half an hour, all the drivers were out on strike. 公开罢工the union has voted to take strike action. 工会投票决定采取罢工行为。辨析：hit：vt. “袭击”，指对人、事物或某地产生不良或意外的影响。另可表“击/打中”。hit sb. on / in the.：打在某人的某个部位。 to everyones surprise, all her shots hit the target.he hit me in the stomach. 他打我的肚子。 the bullet hit him on the head.子弹打在他的头部。strike：vt. “袭击”，可指灾害，疾病等灾难侵袭某地，多用被动语态。.is/was struck by.：袭击。作“打”讲时侧重于突然的、一次性的“击”。happen：vi. “(偶然)出现，发生”，可指灾害，疾病等侵袭某地。 .happened in.：在发生。beat：着重表示“连续性地击打”，也指在游戏或竞赛中击败对方； hell never forget the day when his father was beaten to death.knock：作“敲，打”解时，常与at连用。 someone knocked at the door and he, alone in the dark room, felt afraid for a moment.注意：表示自然灾害袭击时，hit与strike可以换用。14ruin: vt. 毁坏。 = destroy；an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction 导学p37-1the floods in the city ruined many relics. 城里的洪水冲毁了许多文物。 ruin还可作名词，意思是“（房屋等）倒毁，倒塌”。固定搭配in ruins意思是“严重受损,破败不堪”。 辨析：ruin：指彻底损害以致到了不能修复的程度，因而失去了原有的价值。既可指人，也可指物。damage：既可作名词又可作动词，“损失，损坏，损毁”，指损坏程度较轻，还未到不能修复的程度。destroy：“毁坏”，指物体已彻底损毁或受到严重破坏，着重指东西被用力击毁成碎片或拆毁。15erupt: vt. 爆发；喷发。 = to explode and pour out fire, lava, etc. its many years since mount vesuvius last erupted. 维苏威火山上一次爆发至今已有很多了。 erupt也可用作vi, 指战争爆发、斑疹出现等。其同根名词为eruption“(火山的)爆发，喷发”。16previous: adj. 以前的。 =（used especially of persons）of the immediate past applicants for the job must have previous experience. 申请这份工作的人需先前有过这种工作经验。previous to在之前; previously adv.在前地，早先地17possibility: n. 可能性；可能。 导学p37-2the possibility of（doing）sth.：有可能。the possibility of breaking the world record never occurred to him.从未想过有可能打破世界记录。there is possibility that.： 有可能。 there is no possibility of his coming. 他不可能来。 is there any possibility that we will see you this weekend? 我们本周末能见到你吗？ 18terrifying: adj. 吓人的；可怕的。 = frightening 导学p38-4what a terrifying experience! 多么可怕的经历啊! v.-ed形容词表被修饰词所处的状态，多修饰人；而v.-ing形容词则表事物本身的特性，多修饰物。she was very excited at the exciting news. 听到这条振奋人心的消息，她很兴奋。19hopefully: adv. 满怀希望地。= in a hopeful way hopefully well have finished the project by the end of this month.有希望于本月底结束这项工程。hopefully在口语中可以相当于it is hoped that.：意为“如果运气好的话，希望”。如：hopefully, well arrive before dark.我们希望天黑以前到达。20warning: n. 警告；提醒。= act of informing sb. ahead of time of what may happen there is a warning that a hurricane will come. 有警报说飓风即将来临。 without warning.：没有警告就。they attacked without warning. 他们没有事先警告就攻击了。take warning from.：把引以为戒。we should take warning from this accident. 应从事故中吸取教训。warm: vt. warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人（不要）干某事warn sb. of/about sth. 提醒、警告某人注意某事warn sb. against (doing)sth. 警告某人某事21active: adj. 积极的；活跃的。 = able or ready to take action although hes quite old, hes still very active. 他虽然老了，可仍闲不住。 相关短语：lead an active life：过着活跃的生活 take an active part in.：积极参加22damage: n. 损失；损害；破坏= loss。多指对物造成的损害，程度不如destroy严重。 导学p38-7do/cause damage to对造成损失/使受到损害the damage to.对的损害suffer damage受到损害the hurricane did great damage to the crops.飓风严重影响庄稼收成。an earthquake sometimes causes great damage. 地震有时造成重大损失。 vt. 使受损。 damage ones good name 损害的名誉辨析：damage “损坏、破坏”。可用于表损/破坏具体的物品，使其价值或效益降低，但这种损坏是部分性，损坏程度不严重，还可修复再用。也可用于表损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。还可用作可数或不可数名词。 the earthquake did a lot of damages to the citythe car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurtdestroy指“剧烈地破坏,使之不存在或使之失去效能”,“破坏；摧毁；消灭；毁灭”，常指程度严重的“毁坏”，一般情况下不可修复再用。另外，也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。打破(希望, 计划), 使失败。that town was destroyed in a big fire.ruin多用于借喻之中，有时泛指一般性的破坏，指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。i was ruined by that law case; im a ruined manbe the ruin of成为.毁灭堕落的原因 bring sb. to ruin使某人失败; 使倾家荡产bring ruin upon oneself自取灭亡 come to ruin毁灭, 灭亡; 崩溃; 破坏掉fall to ruin毁灭, 灭亡; 崩溃; 破坏掉 go to ruin毁灭, 灭亡; 崩溃; 破坏掉in ruins成为废墟ruin oneself毁掉自己 in ruins成为废墟，遭到严重破坏1pick up：vt. 卷起；掀起。= take hold of or lift。= take up拿起来；blow up吹起来导学p31-6-1a gust of wind picked up some plastic bags and took them into the sky. 一阵大风卷起一些塑料袋，把它们吹到了半空中。 hurricane can pick up people, trees, and even houses on the ground. 龙卷风能把地上的人、树，甚至房子都卷起来。拓展：pick up：还有“捡起/拾起；(健康/景象/事态等)恢复/变好；收听/接收；(偶然/无意地)学会/获得(信息)；取(物)/接(人)；收拾/整理；(天气/意)好转，使好起来”等意思。where did you pick up this book? 在哪儿得到这本书的？pick sb./sth. up：中途把带走。 pick oneself up：(跌倒后)爬起来，振作起来。 honor is more precious than gold.荣誉比黄金还珍贵。 2take off：去掉；除掉/去；脱掉。 = remove（v.） 导学p31-7you should take your toys off the table. 你应该把你桌上的玩具拿走。 you will have to take off your coat when having a pe lesson. 在上体育课时，你得脱掉大衣。拓展：take off还有“脱掉(衣服)；取下(眼镜，戒指等)；(飞机)起飞；休假/请假/不去工作；扣除；突然流行起来，突然被广泛使用”等意思。if you purchase more than $50,the shopkeeper will ta ke off 5% from the bill.如果你买了超过50元的物品，售货员会从你的账单上扣除5%的钱。take off ones hat to. = take ones hat off to.：向某人致敬，向表示钦佩。3on average：平均(起来)；一般说来=generally speaking。一般放在句首或句尾。 导学p32-9-1this car runs 15 kilometers per liter on average. 这辆车平均每公升（汽油）跑15千米。 the price of apples is about four yuan per kilogram on average. 苹果的价格是平均四元一公斤。on average the hottest place is the red sea and the coldest probably the south pole. 一般说来，最热的地方是红海，最冷的地方也许是南极。此短语还可写作：on an average 和on the average。 4end up：结束；最后；终于。= come to an end；finish by i ended up by telling him everything although i tried not to. 虽然我不想告诉他，但最后我还是向他和盘托出了。despite his great efforts, he ended up unsuccessfully after all.尽管付出了艰苦努力可最后还是没成功。拓展：1）end up in+表地点的名词，意思为“以而告终；结果为”。 if you go on driving like that, youll end up in a hospital sooner or later. 如果你仍继续那样开车，你迟早会进医院的。dont drive your car like that，or youll end up in hospital. 不要那样开车，否则你会受伤住院的。2）end up with+名词，with表示“具有、带有”，意思是“以而结束”。we each will end up with disability. 我们每个人都将会以残疾而告终。she ended up her speech with a short poem.她朗诵了一首短诗结束了她的演讲。5set fire to：放火(焚烧)。 = set sth. on fire: 点燃/使燃烧 导学p37-3he was arrested because of setting fire to his neighbors house. 因放火烧邻居房而被拘留了。 a match will set fire to a large building. 星星之火，可以燎原。拓展：set the thames on fire = set the world on fire做出惊人的事业，成为杰出的人物，取得显赫的成就。6catch fire：着火；烧着