湖南省新田县第一中学高考英语二轮复习 阅读技巧主旨大意题素材.doc

高三英语阅读技巧指导如何做主旨大意题?2009-2014 年阅读理解体裁和题材分布表及大纲要求见二轮复习p97.一、主旨大意题的常见的提问形式:1) what does the writer mainly tell us? 2) this passage mainly talks about_.3) which of the following best expresses the main idea?4) which is the subject discussed in the text?5) the aim of the passage is to _. 6) whats the best title for this passage?i. main idea型, 即主题题.ii. topic 或title型, 即标题题.二、解题技巧：寻找主题句，确定文章主题 1.look for the topic sentence(s)(1) at the first sentence / paragraph(2) at the last sentence/ paragraph (3) both at the beginning and at the end of a passage(4) in the middle of a passage2. summarize the main idea in our own wordsplease underline the topic sentences of passages a-d in 4 minutes.passage atoday the problem of environment has become more and more serious. the world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. we are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. if we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive. .passage bsome students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. others prefer to be left to work on their own. still others like a democratic discussion type of class. not a single teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. passage cwe think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster. to many of natures animals, however, the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans. when settlers came from the east to americas great western plains, they killed millions of bison（北美野牛）, poisoned the prairie dogs（草原犬鼠）, and shot the coyotes（郊狼）. all this upset the areas balance of nature. for the animals, it was worse than a flood or earthquake. passage dlife in 2040 will be different from what it is today. for one thing, you will sleep later because your job will start later in the morning. too, machines will do most of your routine work for you. also, you will travel to work on a moving sidewalk. furthermore, you will talk to your friends on a picture telephone. finally, you will take longer vacations in more distant places since transportation will be so much faster and cheaper. certainly all of us can look forward to many new advantages in the coming 30 years. passage etom studied four years at the university of paris and decided to leave before his graduation. he transferred to the university of berlin and graduated with honors. harvard law school and, later, boston college provided him with an excellent legal background. he is presently a corporation lawyer in miami, florida. (1.5分钟)the main idea of this paragraph is that _.a. tom, who had studied at paris universities for four years, moved to another university.b. tom became a lawyer since his graduation from harvard law school and later from boston college.c. tom was an excellent student when he studied at berlin university.d. tom received an excellent education.types of paragraph structurestypethe position of the topic at the beginning at the end in the middleat the beginning & the end no clear topic sentence在阅读中，尽量利用有关信息词确定主旨大意的位置。在一些段落中有明显的引出细节及得出结论的信息词。常见的信息词有：for example, an example of, first, second, next, last ,finally, to begin with, also, besides that; all in all, above all，but, however, yet, while, so等.1 smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. besides the most serious and terrible disease-cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. for example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer- cancer, smoking is harmful. is it worth it?smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.2 often no one looks more guilty than innocent. on the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. and the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. so, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance so, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance小结：主旨大意题应着重抓住：主题句三、标题类试题常见的题干形式(1) the best title for this passage is (2) the suitable headline for this passage may be(3) the title that best expresses the idea of the passage is (4) which of the following can be the best title of this passage? 四、掌握三原则，确定文章标题1、概括性原则：要求标题在最大限度上覆盖全文，囊括主要内容，体现主旨。忌：本末倒置，主次不分2、针对性原则：是对标题外延的一种界定不能太大，也不能太小3、醒目性原则: 标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂。醒目，甚至离奇吸引读者注意力任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心,从而得到标题。 所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力, 能激 发读者的阅读兴趣，不出现细节信息。小结：标题选择题应着重抓住: 主题+高频词honey(蜂蜜)from the african forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. most people, and many animals, like eating it. however, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest(巢)and take the honey from it. often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. in parts of africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper-a little bird called a honey guide. the honey guide does not actually like honey.and this is when the honey guide takes its share. scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. the birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. they will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit. 59. what can be the best title for the text? (2012 全国i卷）a. wild bees b. wax and honeyc. beekeeping in africa d. honey-lovers helper facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. for example, in american culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. for example, many people in russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even. in southeast asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelingsvietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile . our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressiveness permitted. it is difficult to generalize about americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the united states. 52what would be the best title for the test? (2012 全国ii） acultural differences bsmiles and relationship cfacial expressiveness dhabits and emotions harvard researchers have created a tough, low-cost, biodegradable (可生物降解的) material inspired by insects hard outer shells. the materials inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic. the material, made from shrimp(虾) shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk.” it is thin, clear, flexible and strong. shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill, but its basic components are used as fertilizer(肥料), and so will enrich the soil.shrilk has great potential, the inventors said. that makes shrilk low cost, and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.work on shrilk is continuing in the lab. theyre even exploring combining it with other materials, like carbon fibers, to give it new properties.70. which of the following can be best title for the passage?（2012湖南卷）a. recent progress in environmental protection b. benefits of insects in scientific research c. the harm of one-time products d. a possible alternative to plastic总结： 主旨要义题技巧分清题干：主旨型还是标题型。主旨型-找主题句标题型-找主题+高频词掌握辨认主旨的4个小窍门：(1)段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句。 (2)作者有意识的反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。(3)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答常就是文章主旨。(4)提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示，如therefore, thus, but, however, in fact, in short,so,等等。people who talk and sing to plants are not mad, according to arnold braymar, a government agriculture expert. “in fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better,”says braymar. the reason is quite simple-when we sing or talk to plants, we breathe out carbon dioxide which plants need to survive and thrive. plants absorb or take in the carbon dioxide through their pores during the sunlight hours and produce oxyen which people need to survive. singing and talking is effective, however, only during the daytime. bedtime lullabies or songs will not help plants to sleep better or grow faster.（2分钟） the paragraph could be entitled _. a. strange personsb. people are funny c. lets clear the air d. talking or sing to plants is useful topic sentence ?passage ffishing is satisfying to the person who has to climb tall mountains to re