高中英语《Module4 Great scientists》语法学案（含答案） 外研版必修4.doc

2013-2014高中英语module4 great scientists语法学案（含答案） 外研版必修4课题great scientists课时1 课时教学目标1.revise some language points. 2. learn more about grammar of the module .3.learn to use this grammar.教学重点revision of passive voice教学难点deal with some important exercises about it.课堂导学被动语态复习 revision of passive voice (一)语态分类英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： they will build a new bridge over the river. (主动) a new bridge will be built over the river. (被动) 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用： be+过去分词 构成。(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样,列表如下：一般现在时am/is/are + done一般过去时was/were + done 一般将来时shallwill +be+ done现在进行时am/is/are+ being+done过去进行时was/were+being +done过去将来时should/would+be+done现在完成时has/have+been+done过去完成时 had +been + done注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。(三)被动语态常用的八种时态1. 一般现在时 people grow rice in the south of the states. _(改为被动) the school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. we _enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. (被动) 2. 一般过去时 he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. and the students didnt forget his lessons easily. he had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons_. 3. 一般将来时 they will send cars abroad by sea. cars _abroad by sea. they will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. plenty of jobs _school-leavers. 4. 过去将来时 the manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. the manager said the project _5. 现在进行时 the radio is broadcasting english lessons. english lessons _ 6. 过去进行时 this time last year we were planting trees here. trees _7. 现在完成时 someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. i _ the sports meet might be put off. 8. 过去完成时 people had considered him to be a great leader. he _9. 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。 e.g. the teacher said, “you must hand in your compositions after class. ” the teacher said, “your compositions must be handed in after class. ” he can write a great many letters with the computer. a great many letters _ (四)被动语态的使用1. 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。 “mr. white, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。 2. 突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。 these records were made by john denver. the cup was broken by paul. 3. 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+ 名词作状语，而代替by短语。 these cars were made in china. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. 英译汉：_ (五)主动语态变被动语态的方法1. 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 2. 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+ 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。 3. 把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+ 地点名词作状语。如：my aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 i was invited (by my aunt )to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语the school set up a special class to help poor readers. a special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. (六)语态转换时所注意的问题1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 we have bought a new computer. a new computer has been bought. (正确) a new computer have been bought. (错误) 2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 my uncle gave me a present on my birthday. i was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：a present _ 注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。 the magazine was passed on to me. _the cup with mixture _(show)the class. _一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。 mother made me a new skirt. _有些既不用to也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 people all over the world know the great wall. the great wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语) 3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有： 不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。 the patient is being operated on. _the problem is solved. it neednt be talked about. _及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。 他的请求被拒绝了。_the sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. _4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： we always keep the classroom clean. the classroom is always kept clean. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。 we often hear him play the guitar. he is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： tomatoes were first taken back to europe and people called them love apples. _误：love apples were called them. 正：they were called love apples. 5. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下： 1)we take good care of the books. the books are taken good care of. good care is taken of the book. 2)you must pay attention to your pronunciation. attention must _ your pronunciation _用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on等。 6. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： nobody can answer this question. 误：the question can be answered by nobody. 正：the question can not be answered by anybody. 7. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： they havent done anything to make the river clean. _-误：anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：nothing has been done to make the river clean. 8. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首： who wrote the story? 误：who was the story written? 正：by whom was the story written? 9. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。如： the cloth washes easily. _the new product sells well. _the pen writes smoothly. _the books sell well. (主动句) 对比： the books were sold out. (被动句) the meat didnt cook well. (主动句)对比： the meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)10. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 the food tastes delicious. the pop music sounds beautiful. 第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： he entered the room and got his book. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： the fire broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 1)when we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 2)after the earthquake, few houses remained. 第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： i taught myself english. 误：myself was taught english. we love each other. 误：each other is loved. 11. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，如： 据说it is said that 据报导it is reported that 据推测it is supposed that 希望it is hoped that 众所周知it is well known that 普遍认为it is generally considered that 有人建议it is suggested that 1)it is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2)it is well known that thomas edison invented the electric lamp. 高考链接：1. the church tower which will be open to tourists soon. the work is almost finished. a. has restored b. has been restored c. is restoring d. is being restored2. this coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year.a. was named b. named c. is named d. names3. every year a flood of farmers arrive in shenzhen for the money-making jobs they before leaving their hometowns.a. promised b. were promised c. have promised d. have been promised4. youve failed to do what you to and im afraid the teacher will blame you. a. will expect b. will be expected c. expected d. were expected5.in the spoken english of some areas in the us，the “r”sounds at the end of the words _.a are dropped b drop c are being dropped d have dropped针对训练：1. it is said that a new robot _by him in a few days.a. designed b. has been designed c. will be designed d. will have been designed2. we are late. i expect the film _by the time we get to the cinema.a. will already have started b. would already have startedc. shall have already started d. has already been started3. she will stop showing off if no notice_ of her. a. is taken b. takes c. will be taken d. has taken4. diamond _in brazil in 1971.a. is found b. has been foundc. was found d. had been found5. “have you moved to the new flat?”“not yet. the room _.”a. has been painted b. is paintedc. paints d. is being painted6. my pictures _until next friday.a. wont develop b. arent developedc. dont develop d. won t be developed7. tim _since he lost his job three weeks ago.a. had been unemployed b. was unemployedc. has been unemployed d. has unemployed8. a great number of colleges and universities _since 1949.a. has been establish b. have been established c. have established d. had been established9. ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _if we leave it here.a. would be fined b. will be fined c. will being fined d. will have been fined10. “_two tickets for the new play at the grand theatre on saturday. shall we go and see it together?”a. they have been given b. i have been given c. i am given d. they have given to me11. the subject of these lectures _by the lecture committee.a. is announced b. have been announcedc. are announced d. has been announced12. i found an aspirin bottle _dropped on the floor of davids room.a. was b. had c. had been d. is13.the goods _when we arrived at the airport.a. were just unloading b. were