定语从句的讲解.docx

清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供定语从句讲解2008-12-12 15:44作者： 点击： 34091页面功能 【字体：大 小】【评论】【告诉好友】【打印此文】【关闭窗口】 一、详细的定语从句讲解 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导二、非限定性定语从句： 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物三、定语从句结构错误 1. 缺关系词 2. 从句中缺成分 摘自简明英语语法 在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别： 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如： Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。 Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。 They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点，隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如： Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy . （此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。） 更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。 The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center . （此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为： The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。 The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成一件事情）。太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。 The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：这位老人只有一个儿子 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句： The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。二、定语从句用法详细讲解 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。三、初中定语从句的讲解与练习 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系 代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书 3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。A good student A developing countryA developed countryA 5-star friendA man named ChuckA language widely used定语从句：修饰 某一名词或代词 的主 谓 结构(完整的基本句子结构-五种句型)。 （主句之中） 先行词 关系词+其它成分在定语从句中必须担当一个成分。定语从句中缺啥就补啥定语从句(The Attributive Clause)(一) 定语从句及其作用定从定义说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子。定从作用在句子中作定语,修饰句子中的某一名词或代词,从句须放在先行词之后。先行词被定语从句所修饰的词关系词用于引导一个定语从句,代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分。关系词作用1) 引导定语从句。 2)代替先行词。 3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。 公式：主句（先行词）+ 定语从句（关联词+从句的其他成分）关系词分类关系代词：which that who whom whose 关系副词：when where why(二) 关系代词的作用1. 关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。先行词是物： which that 先行词是人： who that 2. 关系代词的用法在从句中的句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句先行词代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语Who(m)which that定语whose(=of whom)whose(=of which)表语who(m), whosewhich, whosethat 由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。这类定语从句中who用作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。 e.g. This is the man who helped me. The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room. Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? 在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who, whom, 也可用that。 e.g. The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor. The boy (who/whom/that) you saw just now is my brother. 3. 关系代词的具体用法及作用1).who指人，在从句中做主语。 如：The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2). whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。如：Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。如：The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3). which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略如：Football is a game which is liked by most boys. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4). that指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省。 如：The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5). whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 如：He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. The girl is my daughter. / Her work got the first prize. The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter. Do you know anyone? / His family is in Xian. The book is not mine. / The cover of it is red. I live in the room. / The windows of it face south. The chair has been repaired. / The leg of it was broken. Whose引导的定语从句应注意以下几点： whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。 如：Thats the child whose father is an engineer. whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。 如：Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital. I saw a tree whose leaves were black with disease. whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词的宾语，可以与介词放在先行词与从句之间。 如：The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident. Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine. whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，即whose+名词=the +名词 +of which 如：He lives in the room whose window( the window of which) faces south.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.the door of which The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?(三) 在下列情况下只用that，不用which 先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时，something两者均可。如：There is nothing (that) I can do. I mean the one that was brought yesterday. Is there anything that I can do for you? 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much，few，one of 等词修饰时， 如：I have read all the books (that) you gave me. You may take home any of these books that you like. 先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词最高级修饰时， 如：The first thing that we should do is to help him. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. She is the most careful girl that Ive ever known.先行词被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the same, the last修饰时， 如：The white flower is the only one (that) I really like. This is the very book (that) I want to find. The last place (that) we visited was the hospital. This is the same watch that I lost yesterday. Thats the very tool that we are looking for. 当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that 引导 (that既可指人也可指物) 如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. They talked about the things and friends that they could remember. 当主句是以who，which或what开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this?Who is the man that is standing over there? Which is the tool that you are looking for?What did you hear that made you so angry? 当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时如：China isnt the country that she used to be 50 years ago. He is no longer the man that he used to be.Its a book that will help you a great deal. The village is no longer the one that it used to be. 当主句以There be结构开头时，或关系代词在there be结构中作实际主语，且先行词为物如：There is a seat in the corner that is still free. There are two tickets of the film that are for you. 当先行词是基数词时如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.(四). 在下列情况下只用who(m)，而不用that： 关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who. 如：Do you know the man who spoke just now? The doctor who treated me was very experienced. 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, all,anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如：Is there anyone who can answer this question? All who heard the news were excited.He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp. Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished. 注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go. 先行词为those和people时多用who。 如：Those who want to go please sign their names here. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly. 在非限制性定语从句中作主语必须用who，作宾语须用whom。 如：Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard. Mr Green, whom you saw in the library yesterday, will teach us physics next term. 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. Theres only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see. I was the only person in my office who was invited. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America. 在以there be开头的句子中多用who. 如：There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。 如：She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar. The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is studies very hard. The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands. 注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that。 如：He that promises too much means nothing. 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰,尤其是被一些指物的名词修饰时。如：Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?Theres only one student in the school who I want to see.Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?定语从句中有插入语时, 并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。如：Jackson is a man who I believe is honest. He won another award, which I think is the result of his hard work. （五）关系副词关系副词：关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当状语。如：October 1，1949 was the day when（=on the day） the Peoples Republic of China was founded.We will visit the house where (=in the house) Lu Xun was born.Who can tell me the reason why (=for the reason) Tom was absent today?1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可用介词which来代替:e.g. I will never forget the day./ I went to university on that day.I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.He still remembers the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.He still remember the morning when/ on which the earthquake happened.I still remember the day when I first came to the school. The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可用介词which来代替:e.g. This is the house. / He used to live in the house. This is the house where/ in which he used to live.I know of a place. / We can swim in that place. I know of a place where/ in which we can swim.Is there any shop around? / I can buy a pen in the shop.Is there any shop around where/ in which I can buy a pen.Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语先行词是表原因的名词,即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可用forwhich来代替:e.g. I dont know the reason. / He did it for this reason. I dont know the reason why/ for which he did it.The reason was not clear. / He was fired for it. The reason why/ for which he was fired was not clear. Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born. 注意点：当表示时间、地点和原因的名词在从句中不是作状语，而是在从句中作主语或宾语时，还是应用which/ thate.g. A.the one B. where C. which D. thatThis is the date _ were proud of. This is the date _ he was born.I will never forget the time _ we spent together. I will never forget the time _ we lived in the village together. This is the factory _ my mother works. This is the factory _ we visited last week. Is this factory you visit last week? I dont believe the reason _ he gave for his decision.Another reason _ he made this decision is that he had to consider the feelings of others. （六）“介词+关系词”的用法1、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时，关系代词只能用which 或 whom。如：The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.2、关系副词when, where, why 和介词+which之间的关系。关系副词when, where, why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。如：when=in/on/at+which, where=in/on/at+which, why=for+which如：I wont forget the date when( on which) I was born.This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in.I dont know the reason why (for which) he hasnt come today.Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin. 注意：1). 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等如：This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2). 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose如：The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3).“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词如：He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples,