学习迁移理论.doc

一、形式训练说：对学习迁移现象最早的系统解释是形式训练说。其心理学基础是官能心理学。它认为人多心里是由一系列的官能组成的，各个官能是各自分开的实体，分别从事不同的活动。各种官能可以像训练肌肉一样通过练习增加力量。同时，心理又是由种种官能组成的整体，一种官能的改进，会增强其他所有的官能。二、相同要素说：19-20世纪，桑代克等在实验的基础上提出，学习迁移只能发生在两个具有相同成分或因素之间的学习之间，而且两者学习之间的相同成分相同因素越大，迁移的可能性就越大。三、概括说：它是心理学家贾德经过试验提出来的，强调原理、原则的概括对学习迁移的作用。它认为两者学习活动之间存在共同成分，这仅仅是产生学习迁移的外在影响因素，是产生迁移的必要前提，而产生学习迁移的真正关键是，学习者能够概括出两种学习之间的共同原理。因此，贾德的学习迁移理论被称为概括说或概括化理论。四、关系转换说：是格式塔心理学家心理学家提出的迁移理论，他们认为，学习迁移是学习者突然发现两个学习之间存在关系的结果。从这个角度上讲，关系转换说是对概括说的进一步研究。五、认知结构说：与其他学说相比，该学说更加注重认知结构在学习迁移中的作用。较著名的有美国认知心理学家布鲁纳和奥苏伯尔。六、元认知与迁移：弗莱维尔（1979）认为，元认知是认知过程和认知过程的认识；具有元认知能力的学习者，能自一、就业1. 就业现状及原因剖析This phenomenon can easily be found anywhere in our daily life, especially on campus. On the one hand, many job-seekers are reluctant to take jobs that they consider to be humble and trivial, such as being a secretary or an assistant, because they have great ambitions and they only want to ride on the peak of success. What is amazing is that they are not conscious that ambition is to be achieved step by step. On the other hand, wanting to gain more but pay less, both the jobless and graduating students aspire to seek a job that is well-paid, relaxed and comfortable. This kind of “no work, all play” attitude toward life can be destructive to both personal and social development. We should not look down upon service industry, the third industry, because it does provide us with many employment opportunities and positions。2. 解决就业困境的建议Therefore, it is high time that we took effective measures to improve the current situation. For one thing, an education campaign should be launched to popularize the idea that “the longest journey starts with a single step” and to cultivate a down-to-earth attitude toward life. For another, the tendency of being lazy must be eradicated from the mind of the young. Only in this way can people realize their value of life better and can unemployment rate be reduced and thus can social harmony be achieved。二、低碳生活1. 生活中不注意低碳环保This phenomenon can easily be found anywhere in our daily life. Many people are used to doing everything with the television on, not actually watching it at all. Such a habit can cause waste of much electricity and energy, and result in the emission of carbon. This deviates from the popular concept of “low carbon life” to reduce the emission of carbon, especially carbon dioxide, to protect our environment and realize sustainable development. According to statistics, if we can decrease the time for having the television on by one hour each day, we can deduce the amount of carbon emission by 4. 71 kilogram each month。2. 提倡低碳，刻不容缓To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must promote and popularize a low carbon life among the public from every detail in our daily life. We must change the past practice of sacrificing long-term environmental health for short-term rapid economic development, and shift to developing green economy, circular economy and low carbon economy. All these effective measures can help us to reach harmony between development of the society and health of the nature。三、人生态度1. 人生态度应该积极乐观the drawer intends to remind us of the importance of optimism. If the sheep in the cartoon feels anxious and pessimistic about the dark shade all day long, he can by no means have a comfortable and happy life. Examples like this are numerous, but I think the following one will be convincing enough. If there is half a cup of water, the pessimist may cry over it because they have only a half, while the optimist may cheer for it because they still have a half. Obviously, they will have different perceptions and feelings toward the same life。2. 个人的人生态度能影响周围There is no denying that, most optimists have a high happiness index, which can hardly be experienced by pessimists. Therefore, we must read our life with a positive attitude. Whats more, the optimistic attitude can infect others strongly, meaning that we will find that all the friends around us are optimistic if we observe them in the same perspective. As a result, an atmosphere of optimism and happiness could be naturally set up. Therefore, lets keep the famous line of Shelley, the well-known poet, in mind for ever, that is, “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?”动地掌握、控制和监控自己的认知过程。-a sum of cash：一笔钱-an amount of time：大量时间-a large quantity of goods：大量货物-a wide range of challenges：很多挑战-a choice of opportunities：很多机会-a segment of population：很多人口-a wealth of information：很多信息-a combination of statistics：一组数据-a proportion of interview