虚拟语气讲解.doc

虚拟语气讲解及练习一非真实条件句的虚拟情况: 句型条件从句 主句对现在的虚拟were/didshould/would/could/might+v.对过去的虚拟had doneshould/would/could/might+have+done 对将来的虚拟1.were/did2.were to3.should+v.Should/would/could/might+v.1.与现在事实相反的条件e.g. If I were you, I would go at once. If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick.2.与过去事实相反e.g. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. If she had told him about the danger, he would not have hurt.3.与将来事实相反e.g. If it were sunny tomorrow, I would come to see you. If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again. If we were to panic(受惊,惊慌), we should not be able to help.4.混合时间条件句：主从句不一定用指同一时间的动词。即:假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做混合虚拟语气（错综条件虚拟语气）。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而定。e.g. If you _that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy now.A.havent watched B.didnt watchC. hadnt watched D.wouldnt watchedIf Paul had received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better.If you had followed the teachers advice, you wouldnt be in the hospital. e.g If I had gone to a key university, I would earn more money now.5含蓄条件句：有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表示而含蓄在介词短语或上下文中。 (1) without 和but for (要不是) 构成虚拟。 e.g Without ( but for ) the party, we wouldnt be so happy. We might have died without your help. = We might have died if you hadnt helped us. (2) otherwise , or ( 否则， 要不然) =ifnot e.g. He studies very hard, or/otherwise he couldnt study so well. I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you. =If I had not been so busy last week, I would have come to see you. ( 3 ) if only后加句子 “要是就好了” 注意：“if only”可以和wish互换。e.g. If only I could learn English in one day. If only it wasnt raining. If only Jim had passed the exam. If only Sam would reply to my letter.1. 将条件隐含在不定式短语中。 I should be happy to go with you. 如果能与你一起去，我将很高兴。(=I should be happy if I could go with you.) To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你学习更用功些，你早就考及格了。(=if you have studied harder, you) 2. 将条件隐含在分词短语中。 Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. 如果出生在好时代，他早就成为学者了。(=If he had been born in better times, he ) Failing this time, what would you do？ 假若这次失败，那你怎么办？(=If you failed this time, what) Walking alone in the dark, Mary would be terrified. 要一个人单独在黑暗中走，玛丽会感十分害怕。(If Mary walked alone in the dark, she) 3. 将条件隐含在介词短语中。 Without air, no one could live. 没有空气，人就不能活。(=If there were no air, no one could live.) But for his help, he would have failed. 要不是有他的帮助，他就会失败了。(=If it hadnt been for his help, he would have failed.) 常用的介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under, under more favorable condition等。 4. 将条件隐含在名词短语中。 A true friend would not have betrayed me. 若是真正的朋友，就不会背弃我。(=If he had been a true friend, he would) A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. 要是你早来几个小时，你就见到这位著名的作家了。(If you had come a few hours earlier, you) 5. 将条件隐含在某些连词(如or, or else, otherwise等)中： 具体用法如下：它们后的句子如果说的不是客观事实，它们前边的句子采用陈述语气，后边的句子采用虚拟语气。 1 句子（一般现在时）+ or, or else, otherwise + 句子（谓语部分：shouldwouldcouldmight等+ 动词原形） 2 句子（一般过去时）+ or, or else, otherwise + 句子（谓语部分：shouldwouldcouldmight等+ have done） I didnt know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldnt have believed him. 我不知道他是个骗子，不然我也不会相信他了。(or else=if I had known he was a cheat) Im really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. 我真的是太忙了，不然我就会同你一道去了。(otherwise=if I were not so busy) 6. 将条件隐含在定语从句中。 Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. 凡是看过那画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。(=If anyone had seen that painting) 7. 将条件隐含在一定的上下文中。 Dont bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. 不要费事看所有这些文件了，那会花太多时间。(=If you read all these papers, it would take too long) 常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段连词如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(惟恐) , on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。 (注：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur. 在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。 过去的计划打算愿望等未曾实现时的虚拟语气 1. 表过去愿望未曾实现时，常用would like to have done sth. 或would have liked to do sth.(前者常用) I would like to have gone to the celebration, but I couldnt get away. 我本来想参加庆祝会，但未能脱开身。 2. 表示过去本来该干某事但没有干时，用shouldought to have done sth. 若表示本来不该干但却干了某事时，用should notought not to have done sth. The criminal should have told the truth, but he refused to. 那罪犯本来应该说出实情，但他不肯说。 3. 表示过去本来有能力干某事，但未能干成时用could have done sth. I could have lent you the money, but you did not turn to me for help. 我本来能借给你那笔钱，但你没有向我求助。 4. 表示过去本来有可能干某事，但未能干成时用might have done sth. You might have been chosen, but you gave up the chance. 你本来有可能被选上的，但你放弃了那个机会。 5. 表示过去本来愿意干某事，但未能干成时用would have done sth. The cook would have helped you, but his wife stopped him. 那厨师本来愿意帮助你，但他妻子制止了他。 6. hope, want, expect, plan等动词表示过去愿望、计划、打算等未曾实现时，把谓语动词用成过去完成时或把它们后面的不定式用成完成式。 I had hoped to become a poet, but I turned teacher instead. 我本希望当个诗人，但我却当了老师。 I hoped to have become a poet, but I turned teacher instead. My playmate hoped to have entered a key university last year, but his wish didnt come true. 我的伙伴本打算进入一个重点大学，但他的梦想没能实现。 7. be to do sth.句型表示过去计划安排未曾实现时，用was were to have done sth结构. The European tourists were to have arrived by ten, but they were caught in a shower and delayed. 那些欧洲的游客本来10点到达，但他们遇上了阵雨，被推迟了。 The building was to have been completed by the end of last month, but the plan failed. 这栋楼本来计划上个月底建完，但计划失败了。 8. be going to句型表过去个人打算未曾实现时，用waswere going to结构。 -Did you go to the museum yesterday? -No, I was going to, but something urgent happened at the last moment. 你昨天到博物馆去了吗？ 我本来打算去，但在最后的片刻发生了紧急的事情。 I was going to meet you at the station, but I had to work extra hours writing a report for my boss. 我本来打算去车站见你，但我不得不在工作几个小时给我老板写份报告。 6假设虚拟条件倒装。 条件从句中有 shouid,were,had 三个助动词，可以把 if 省略，并将这三个词提到句首 If I were you, I would give it up. Were I you, I would give it up.If it were not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Were not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties二虚拟语气用于宾语从句中。现在：过去：未来：过去时（were/did）过去完成时(had done)would/could/might+V. should(不常用)1. wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气wish +(that)+主语 +e.g. I wish I could buy a spaceship some day. I wish that he wasnt so lazy.现在：过去：未来：过去时过去完成时过去时 The exhibition was so bored that I wish I had not gone to it.2. would rather(that)+从句，表示“愿望”的虚拟would rather (that) + 主语 +e.g. I would rather you had gone there.(与过去相反) 你要是去那里就好了。 I would rather you stayed at home now.(与现在) I would rather you could go to America tomorrow.3.用于表示意愿,建议，命令，请求，提议等动词后的that宾语从句中，用(should)+动词原形,这类动词有:ask, advise, arrange(安排), beg, command, decide, demand, desire, determine, insist (坚持要求,硬要), intend, propose, object(反对), order, require, request, suggest(建议) 一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求。即1.insist 2. order, command 3. advise, suggest, propose 4. demand , require, request, desiree.g. She advised that we should keep the door locked. He suggests that she should leave the dangerous house at once. His face suggested that he was angry.(暗示) He insisted that he was innocent.(坚称,坚持说) He insisted that she (should) show him her passport.三 用于主语从句中。 （1）Its necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形Eg.It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language.It is strange that she refuse to come to the party.Its necessary that we should study hard. （2）Its+ a pity / a shame +thatclause从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形 e.g Its a pity that I should miss the film. (3) Its + p.p + thatclause从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形， 其中的p.p 为建议，要求，命令的动词。如：insisted ,ordered , requested ,required ,demanded etc. e.g It was ordered that the old sick man (should) be sent to the hospital at once.四用于表语从句。主语为表示建议。要求，命令等的名词 如： insistence, order ,advice ,suggestion ,proposal ,reqirement 等e.g My suggestion is that English test( should) be read aloud by students every morning.五用于同位语从句 e.g His suggestion that students should wear school uniform has been agreed.六用在as if(as though)引导的方式状语(表语)从句中,动词形式和wish宾语从句的形式相同。现在:过去:将来:过去时过去完成时过去将来时 as if /though +主语 +e.g. You are talking as if you had seen them. He speaks English as if he were an Englishman. She looks as if she would cry.主语+should+V.(should不能省略)主语+过去时七用在定语从句中It is (about/high) time thate.g. It is time that you should have a class.=It is time that you had a class. 可该上课了(早该上课了，你怎么还不去?) It is time for you to have a class.该上课了.(上课的时间到了.) It is time that you should leave. =It is time you left.（一） 主语从句中的虚拟语气 在It is 形容词某些动词的过去分词主语从句的结构中，从句的谓语动词须用动词原形或 should do的形式。这些类型包括： 1、Its important类 形容词 这一类型主要包括It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that. . .句型。如： It is impossible that he should go home. 他不可能会回家去。 It is necessary that I should return it right now. 我有必要马上把它还回去。 It is important that we should speah politely. 我们说话要有礼貌，这是很重要的。 It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist. 没有必要使每一个人都成为科学家。 It is imperative that we should practise critidsm and self-criticism. 应当进行批评与自我批评。 2、Its a pity类 名词 It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 她竟吃得这么差，真可怜。 Its a pity that he should be so obstinate. 真遗憾他竟这样倔犟。 It was a pity that you couldnt come. 你不能来，真是太遗憾了。 It is a pity that she failed the driving examination. 她没通过驾驶考试真是遗憾。 It is his desire that a medical man should stay here. 他希望有一个医务人员留在这里。 3、Its desired类 某些动词的过去分词 这种主语从句还常用在It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc. ) that.句型。如： It is requested that a vote be taken. 建议付诸表决。 It is settled that you leave us, then? 那么你肯定要离开我们罗? It was proposed that this matter be considered at the next meeting. 有人提议这事下次会议再讨论。 It is desired that this rule should be brought to the attention of the staff. 希望这条规则引起全体职员的注意。 二）宾语从句用虚拟语气的10种类型 1、I wish后的宾语从句 （ 略） We wish he didnt smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。 I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。 I wish the train would come. 我希望火车会来。 2、表示“坚持”后的宾语从句 主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。 He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。 Rose insisted that he be present. 罗斯坚持要他出席。 The detective insisted that he should have a look. 警探坚持要查看。 注意：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较： He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 3、表示“命令”后的宾语从句 主要是指order, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 Thejudge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。 The King ordered that the man be released. 国王命令释放那人。 He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我们立即发起进攻。 4、表示“建议”后的宾语从句 主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生劝他换工作。 They recommend that this tax be abolished. 他们建议取消这种税。 I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. 我建议我们现在就吃午饭。 The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected. 委员会建议推选戴先生。 The doctor advised suggested that he (should) not smoke. 医生建议他不要抽烟。 I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once. 我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。 He proposed that Mr. OLeary be the chairman. 他提议奥列利先生担任主席。 She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements. 她建议我来负责进行安排。 注意：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会： He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。（三）表语从句和同位语从句 有些名词引起的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词须用动词原形或should do的形式。 这些名词包括： advice（忠告）、 decision（决定）、 demand（要求）、 desire（渴望）、 idea（想法）、 motion（提议）、 necessity（必要性）、 order（命令）、 plan（计划）、 preference（偏爱）、 proposal（建议）、recommendation（推荐）requirement（要求）suggestion（建议）等。 例句13：His proposal is that we turn off TVfor half an hour every day他建议我们每天少看半个小时的电视。 特别提示：从以上的各类从句中我们可以得到以下的推论，即当一个动词后面的宾语从句中要使用（should）do的虚拟语气形式时，则可推理出用法相同的一组从句。以动词advise为例： （1）I advise that we stay and wait here（动词后的宾语从句） （2）It is advised that we stay here（It is 动词的过去分词that引导的主语从句） （3）It is advisable that we stay here（It is 由该动词转换的形容词that引导的主语从句） （4）My advice is that we stay here（由该动词转换的名词后的表语从句） （5）I offered the advice that we stay here（由该动词转换的名词后的同位语从句） （6）I think it advisable that we stay here（由该动词转换的形容词作宾语补足语，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气） 语言结构之虚拟语气（教师版）用所给动词的正确形式填空1. If I _ him yesterday I _ him about it. (see, ask)had seen; would have asked 2. What do you think would happen if there _ no light during the days? (be) were3. But for your help, I couldnt _ the place. (find) have found4. If her lawyer _ here last Sunday, he _ her from going. (be, prevent)had been; would have prevented5. If it had not been for the liberation, no changes _ place in my hometown. (take)would have taken 6. If Miss Green _ late tomorrow, who would take her place? (come) should come 7. It seems as if it _ already summer now. (be)were8. I wish I _ him the day before yesterday. (see) had seen 9. I made the suggestion that they _ the plan they had made. (stick)stick to 10. It is suggested that a study plan _ right now. (make)be made 11. They required that we _ them get in the crops. (help)help 12. It was ordered that no smoking _ in the library, which made the smokers unhappy. (allow) be allowed 13.Id rather Tom _ tomorrow. (come) came 14.It is about time you _ the medicine, sir. (take)should take/took 15.If there _ no electricity in the future, our life _ a lot. (be, change)should be; would change16.Without the Communist Party there _ New China.17. What would have happened if you _ her child? (not help)hadnt helped 18. It is strange that he _ so. (think)(should) think 19. I wish I _ my uncle yesterday. (meet)had met20. Galileo insisted that the earth _ round the sun. (move) moves 21. I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I _ to the meeting. (come)would have come22. Supposing the weather _ bad, where would they go? (be)were 23. If only I _ to my parents advice! (listen)had listened24. I _ to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind. (hope)had hoped 25. His silence at the meeting suggested that he _ to your plan.(agree)didnt agree26. Li Ling acted that way as though he _ a foreigner. (be)wereII 单项选择DDCCA BAACB ABDBD BCDCD CBBCA BBA1.Did you submit(递交）your application for a Masters degree(硕士学位）？Not yet. If I_to see my father, I would have.”A. didnt go B. havent gone C.wouldnt have gone D. hadnt gone2.Why didnt Tom give you one of his paintings?I didnt want one, but he would have given me one if I _.A. Do B. would C. will D.had3.Do you think the thief entered through the garage door?No, if he had, I dont believe _broken the living room window.Would he have B. he had C.he would have D. he has4._Id have told you. A. If I would have known it B. If I had have known it C.Had I know it D. Should I know it 5. I _come yesterday, but I couldnt. A.was to have B. must C.ought D.have to6.It is raining, and I have no umbrella.Heres mine, and I insist _it. A.you to take B. that you take C.that you taking D.you taking7. The professor gave orders that the test _before 5:30.A.be finished B.will finish C.will be finished D.shall finish8. I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I _an hour before the discussion begins. A.go B.shall go C. will go D. would go9. I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I _there. A. Was B.were C.had been D.went10. She speaks as if she _on the spot. A.was B. were C. had been D.is11.If I _ten years younger, I _ very happy.A.were, would be B.am, shall be C. were, shall be D. am, would be12. You can ask your brother for help. He is not at home. If he _, I _.A.is, would B.were, would C.is, will D.were, will13. If you _the doctors advice, you would have already recovered.A.follow B.followed C.would follow D.had followe