【志鸿优化设计】高考英语一轮复习 语法专题 动词和动词短语 外研版.doc

语法专题十四动词和动词短语英语动词根据其意义和句法作用，可分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。实义动词又称行为动词，为表示动作或状态的动词，可以单独充当句子的谓语，实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词两类。英语中的动词短语通常由动词加介词、副词、名词等构成，在句中起动词的作用。高考设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语词意的辨析及其理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中。考点一常用动词辨析1advise，persuade，suggestadvise用作及物动词，表示“劝告，忠告，建议”，强调提醒或引起注意；persuade表示“说服”，强调劝说成功，主要搭配是：persuade sb.to do sth.说服某人做某事（相当于persuade o doing sth.）；如表示劝说但不一定成功，则使用try to persuade sb.to do sth.或advise sb.to do sth.。suggest用作及物动词，意为“建议”，后接名词、代词、动名词或从句，从句中的谓语用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。2bring，take，carry，fetchbring“带来，拿来，取来”，强调从别处带人或物到说话人所在地。take“拿走，带走”，强调把人或物从说话者身边带走，方向与bring相反。fetch“去拿来，去取来”，强调从甲地出发到乙地取物或人后，又回到甲地，相当于go and bring。carry“携带，搬运，运送”，强调用人力或车辆把人或物从一地运到另一地。3win，beat，defeatwin表示“赢得，战胜”时，宾语多是比赛项目等。win sb.则指“赢得人心”。beat/defeat意为“打败，击败”，其宾语只能是人或由人组成的机构。如：beat sb.打败某人；defeat their team/ the country/the enemy击败了他们的队/国家/敌人。beat多用于表示在比赛或争论中战胜对手；defeat多用于在战争中打败对手。4believe，believe inbelieve表示“相信，认为”，侧重于相信某人说的话或所做事情的真实性，其后可跟名词、代词、不定式的复合结构或宾语从句。believe in表示“相信，信任，信仰，信奉”，其后常接真理、宗教、原则之类的名词。you should believe in yourself and believe that you will succeed one day.你应该相信自己，并且相信某天你将会成功的。5book，order二者都有“订购，预订”之意，但book指订各种“票，座位”；而order指“餐馆订饭、菜，定做衣服，订货”等，常用结构：place an order for sth.with sb.向某人订购某物。对比：book a ticket/two seats/a double room订一张票/两个座位/一个双人间；order four dishes/ lunch要四个菜/订好午饭。he booked a table for four and ordered six dishes.他订了一张四人桌，并且要了六个菜。6choose，select，electchoose表示“选择，挑选”，有时也表示“推选，选举”，但一般表示范围很小、普通的选择，没有elect正式。select表示“（精心地）挑选，选定”，具有“精选”之意。elect表示“选举”，指较大范围的正式的选举。7disturb，interruptdisturb是及物动词，有“打扰，扰乱，使人心神不安”之意。常用短语：disturb the sleeping child/ones plan/the public peace打扰睡觉的孩子/打乱计划/扰乱社会治安；be mentally disturbed精神上受到影响；be disturbed about对感到不安。interrupt有“打断，打扰”之意，侧重打断。常用短语：interrupt the supplies中断供应；interrupt ones speech打断演讲。8hurt，injure，wound，harmhurt是一般用语，指精神或肉体上受到的伤害，有较强烈的“疼痛”意味；injure比hurt更正式，常指意外事故对身体或精神上的“损害，损伤”；wound主要指外界暴力引起身体创伤，尤指战争中受的刀、枪、剑等伤；harm指对人的肉体或精神带来伤害，特指伤及一个人或其心态、健康、权利、事业等，使之产生痛苦、损失或任何不幸遭遇。he was injured in the car accident and his leg still hurts now.9miss，losemiss意为“未能赶上（抓住），错过，失去，漏掉”。而lose意为“丢失，迷失方向，迷路”。he missed the early bus.whats worse，his key to the car was lost.10fit，be fit for，be fit to，suitfit用作及物或不及物动词，表示“（衣服等）合适，使合身”；be fit for是形容词短语，表示“适合的，能胜任的”，for后接名词或动名词；be fit to表示“适合，能胜任”，to是动词不定式符号，后接动词原形。suit指颜色、款式的“适合”，而fit指尺寸、大小的“合适”。11save，sparesave意为“储蓄，节省”，指把钱、时间及其他东西储蓄起来以备将来用，或指节省东西，避免浪费，也指“救命”。而spare意为“省”，指细心地省下或节省钱、时间、力气等，常表示省出一部分以留作他用。12seat，sitseat是及物动词，意思是“使坐下”，可以接人作宾语，还可以用于被动语态。常见搭配有：seat sb.使某人坐下；seat oneself自己坐下；be seatedsit down坐好。而sit是不及物动词，不能带宾语。考点二考查同根介词或副词动词短语的辨析使用频率较高的这类动词有：call，cut，come，go，get，go，look，put，set，turn，take，pay，pick，make等。常见的介词或副词有：in，off，out，up，away，for，on，over等。1动词away构成的短语动词有：throw away扔掉；put away把收拾好；give away捐赠，分发；carry away运走；run away 潜逃，跑开；go away 走开。2动词for构成的短语动词有：answer for负责；provide for供给；call for要求；plan for打算，为计划；hope for希望，期待；ask for索取，寻找；send for派人去请；go for努力获取；pay for偿还，赔偿；wait for等待；look for寻找。3动词on构成的短语动词有：try on试穿，试验；put on穿上，上演；have on穿着，戴着；pull on穿，戴；hold on不挂断，坚持，继续；carry on继续开展，坚持；keep on继续；go on继续；get on上（车）；come on赶快。4动词over构成的短语动词有：come over过来；hand over移交；go over仔细检查，复习；get over克服，恢复；look over检查；think over仔细考虑；take over接受，接管；hand over 移交；turn over翻转。5动词up构成的短语动词有：bring up抚育，培养；call up召唤，打电话给；come up走上前来，长出；cut up切碎；fix up修理；give up放弃；go up 上升，增长；grow up 长大；look up尊敬，向上看，查寻；make up虚构，弥补，组成；put up举起，搭建；pick up 捡起，（开车）接某人，偶然得到；set up建立，创（纪录）；send up发射；show up 揭露，露面；turn up出现，把调高一点；take up占据，开始从事。6动词out构成的短语动词有：come out出来；go out出去，熄灭；look out留神，当心；walk out走出；set out出发，开始；put out扑灭，生产；give out发出，发表；hand out分发；pick out挑选；find out找出，发现；speak out大声地说；turn out生产，结果是；get out出去，离开；work out计算出，解决，实行，行得通；carry out实行，执行；bring out出版；start out 出发，动身。考点三常见同根动词短语辨析1bringbring in引进，挣得；bring about引起，导致；bring up养育，培养，呕吐，提出；bring out使展现，推出（书、唱片等）；bring down降低，使倒下；bring back把带回来，使忆起，使恢复；bring forth结果，生产，产生；bring forward提出，提前；bring off圆满完成（困难之事）；bring on惹来（坏的结果），加速。2breakbreak down崩溃，瓦解，垮掉，失败，（化学）分解，（公共场所）失去理智；break up打碎，（物理）分解，分开，分成（几部分），结束，制止；break through逾越，突破，冲破；break away（from）挣脱，脱离；break out爆发；break in破门而入；break off折断，中断；break into进入建筑物以便行窃，突然发出或开始，打扰。3comecome about发生；come out结果出来，出版，泄露，开花；come across偶遇，被理解；come true变为现实；come up走上前，被提出，长出地面，走近，升起；come up with产生，发现（解决办法、答案等）；come along一起来；come to总计，清醒过来。4givegive up放弃；give in屈服，呈交；give out 用尽，耗尽，分发，公布，发表，发出；give away露马脚，颁发，赠送，送掉，捐赠；give off发出。5gogo against违背，与不符，对不利；go without勉强维持，凑合，go in for爱好，参加，从事；go by过去，依据，按照；go on继续，发生；go over复习，仔细审查，走近；go ahead 进行；go through 从头到尾地阅读，经历；go away走开，外出度假，消失；go for去取来或接来，争取得到；go out出去，熄灭，过时。6keep keep away（from）使远离；keep back 扣除，保留，隐瞒不讲；keep off 避开；keep on继续；keep out 挡在外边，（警示语）请勿靠近；keep up保持，不低落，持续，继续；keep up with跟上；keep down抑制（以防其增长）。7looklook ahead向前看；look about环顾；look after照看，负责处理；look back回忆，回顾；look out 当心，找出；look on旁观；look up 向上看，查阅，形势好转，看望；look down upon看不起；look forward to盼望；look through翻阅；look into调查，向内看；look round寻找，边走边看，观光。8putput back放回原处，拨回，阻碍，推迟；put down平定，镇压，记下；put away将事物放置于惯常保存之处，储蓄；put forward提出（计划、建议），拨快，提前；put off延期；put on穿戴，上映；put out扑灭，生产；put up举起，张贴；put up with容忍。9taketake in吸收；take for 误认为；take out 拿出；take down 放下；take up从事，拿起，占据（时间或空间）；take off 飞机起飞，脱下，休假，成功；take by攻占；take after像；take along 随身携带；take away带走，拿走，使离去；take back 收回（说错的话），退回（所购商品）；take charge 负责，掌管；take on呈现，雇佣；take out拿出，带出去；take over 接管，接任；take place发生。10turnturn against转而反对，使与为敌；turn back折回，掉转头；turn away转身，走开，打发走；turn out结果是，关上（电灯），赶出，生产，制造；turn down 拒绝，调小；turn off 关掉；turn over翻过来，移交；turn in 上交（作业等），拐入；turn into变成，翻译；turn on打开，取决于；turn to求助于，翻到；turn up调大，出现。1（2012课标全国高考）mary is really good at taking notes in class.she can_almost every word her teacher says.aput out bput downcput away dput together2（2012全国高考）we _ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part that day.aset about bset upcset out dset down3（2012天津高考）parents and children should communicate more to _ the gap between them so that they can understand each other better.aopen bnarrowcwiden dleave4（2012安徽高考）the athletes years of hard training _ when she finally won the olympic gold medal. awent on bgot throughcpaid off dended up5（2012安徽高考）you had better _ some time every day for sports so that you can keep yourself energetic.aset aside btake upcput away dgive out6（2012湖北高考）two lawyers have donated $50,000 to_our schools campaign “help the needy”，which was started by our former headmaster three years ago.asponsor blaunchcorganize dplan7（2012湖北高考）finally，my thanks go to my tutor，who has offered a lot of suggestions and comments on my paper and_ every page of my draft.aapproved bquotedcpolished dfolded8（2012湖北高考）walking alone in the dark，the boy whistled to_ his courage.ahold up bkeep upcset up dtake up9（2012湖北高考）im so glad youve come here to_ this matter in person.alead to bsee tocturn to drefer to10（2012江苏高考）ok，ive had enough of it.i give up.you cant _ your responsibilities.arun off withbrun up againstcrun out ofdrun away from11（2012江西高考）ive _ the habit of calling in on my grandparents on my way home from school.acome into bgone intocgot into drun into12（2012江西高考）we were all agreed that the cottage would _ a perfect holiday home for the family.amake bturnctake dhave13（2012辽宁高考）rod loves _ clocks.however，he never manages to put them together again.ataking apartbgiving awaycmaking updturning off14（2012陕西高考）he had to pause from time to time to wipe the sweat from his forehead，because the airconditioning system _.abroke in bbroke upcbroke out dbroke down15（2012四川高考）its surprising that your brother_russian so quicklyhe hasnt lived there very long.apicked up blooked upcput up dmade up16（2012浙江高考）according to scientists，our mental abilities begin to _ from the age of 27 after reaching the highest level at 22.adiffer bshrinkcfail ddecline17（2012浙江高考）armed with the information you have gathered，you can _ preparing your business plan.aset out bset aboutcset off dset up18（2011课标全国高考）i can _ the house being untidy，but i hate it if its not clean.acome up with bput up withcturn to dstick to19（2011课标全国高考）william found it increasingly difficult to read，for his eyesight was beginning to _.adisappear bfallcfail ddamage20（2011全国高考）mary，i _ john of his promise to help you.atold bremindedcwarned dadvised21（2011湖北高考）knowledge and learning are important if we want to be successful，but they may also _ our thinking.adirect blimitcchange dimprove22（2011湖北高考）the minister said，“we are ready for discussions with any legal parties，but well never _ with criminals.”anegotiate bquarrelcargue dconsult23（2011湖北高考）clinical evidence began to _，suggesting that the new drugs had a wider range of useful activities than had been predicted from experiments in animals.aoperate bstrengthencapprove daccumulate24（2011湖北高考）the government has taken measures to _ the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.atake downbbring downchand downdtear down25（2011山东高考）they are broadening the bridge to _ the flow of traffic.aput off bspeed upcturn on dwork out26（2011江西高考）you cant predict everything.often things dont _ as you expect.arun out bbreak outcwork out dput out27（2011江苏高考）are you still mad at her?not really，but i cant _ that her remarks hurt me.adeny brefusecreject ddecline28（2011江苏高考）you look upset.whats the matter?i had my proposal _ again.aturned overbturned oncturned offdturned down29（2011安徽高考）as the story_，the truth about the strange figure is slowly discovered.abegins bhappenscends ddevelops30（2011安徽高考）if you _faults but you still want the bicycle，ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.acome acrossbcare aboutclook fordfocus upon31（2011浙江高考）the school isnt the one i really wanted to go to，but i suppose ill just have to _ it.amake the best ofbget away fromckeep an eye ondcatch up with 32（2011浙江高考）he decided that he would drive all the way home instead of _ at a hotel for the night.aputting downbputting offcputting ondputting up33（2011福建高考）id prefer to _ my judgement until i find all the evidence.ashow bexpresscpass dreserve34（2011福建高考）born into a family with three brothers，david was _ to value the sense of sharing.abrought upbturned downclooked afterdheld back35（2013浙江杭州七校联考）we shall accumulate new experience and try new solutions as new problems _.adecline barisecremain dexist36（2013河北普通高中教学质监）the ground is slippery.hold onto the rope and dont _.aput off bturn upclet go dtake apart37（2013河南中原名校联考）when designing your house，youd better _ land for a garden.adevelop bsavecspare dshare38（2013河北邯郸质检）ive always _ bill for his courage and determination.alooked up toblived up tocfaced up todadded up to39（2013昆明摸底调研）if the time is_exactly，the paper can be finished on time.amade outbfigured outccarried outdput out40（2013福建三明期中）the police suspected him of carrying drugs so they _ his bag，but found nothing.awent throughblooked upcturned indsearched for41（2013河南洛阳一练）yesterdays football match_as one of the most exiting matches that the two teams had ever played.aregarded brankedctreated dtook42（2013江苏宿迁调研）tobby，it appears that we wont be _ after all.oh，but i am tired of working here anyway.aput off bsent offclaid off dseen off参考答案 1bput out意为“伸出，长出，熄灭，扑灭，出版”；put down意为“把放下，镇压，平息，写下，记下”；put away意为“把收起来放好”；put together意为“把放在一起，组合”。根据句意判断应选b项，句意：玛丽真的擅长在课堂上记笔记，她几乎能记下老师说的每一个字。2cset about后接doing sth.，意为“着手做某事”；set up意为“建立”，不与to do连用；set out后接to do sth.，表示“着手做某事”；set down意为“写下，登记，放下”。句意：我们着手粉刷整个房子，但那天我们只粉刷完了房子前面的部分。故选c项。3b句意：为了缩小彼此间的差距，父母和子女应该更多地交流，从而更好地理解彼此。open打开，开始；narrow压缩，使变窄；widen放宽，加宽；leave离开，离去。4cgo on“（时间）过去，灯亮，开始运行，继续，接着，进行，发生”；get through“完成，度过，（使人）明白，通过，接通（电话）”；pay off “还清（债），得到好结果，取得成功”；end up“结束，结尾，停止”。句意：当这位运动员获得了奥运金牌时，她多年的辛苦训练终于有了回报。由句意可知，c项符合题意。5aset aside意为“留出，拨出（时间、金钱等）”；take up意为“占据（时间、空间等），从事”；put away“把收起，放好”；give out意为“分发，用尽”。句意：为了能使自己精力充沛，你最好每天留出一段时间来运动。故选a项。6a句意：两位律师捐赠了五万美金赞助我们学校的“扶贫”活动，该活动是三年前由我们的前任校长发起的。sponsor“赞助”；launch“发动，发射”；organize“组织”；plan“计划”。7c句意：最后，我要向我的导师表示感谢，他为我的论文提供了很多建议和意见，并为我的草稿的每一页都进行了润色。approve“支持，赞同”；quote“引用，引述”；polish“修改，润色”；fold“折叠，对折”。8b句意：独自一个人走在黑暗中，男孩为给自己壮胆吹起了口哨。keep up ones courage 意为“鼓足勇气”。9b句意：我很高兴你来到这里亲自处理这个事件。lead to“导致，通往”；see to“处理，料理”；turn to“转向，求助，转行”；refer to“提及，查阅，参考”。10drun off with意为“带着逃走，与私奔”；run up against意为“意外地碰到，偶遇”；run out of意为“用完，耗尽”；ran away from意为“从逃离，回避”。后半句句意：你不能逃脱你自己的责任。11c句意：我已经养成了在放学回家的路上去看望爷爷奶奶的习惯。get into the habit of是固定搭配，意为“养成的习惯”。12a句意：我们一致认为，那个小屋将会成为一家人度假的完美居所。make在此处意为“成为”。13a句意：罗德喜欢将钟表拆开。然而，他从来不能将它们再次组装起来。take apart “拆开，拆卸”；give away“分发，赠送”； make up“构成，弥补，化装，编造”；turn off“关闭”。根据句意a项正确。14d句意：他不得不时而停下来擦擦额头上的汗，因为空调坏了。break in “插话”；break up “打碎，（学校）放假，解散”；break out “爆发，发生”；break down “出毛病，停止运转”。根据句意可知选d项。15apick up在此句中意为“无意中获得或学到”。句意：你哥哥学俄语如此之快让人感到惊讶他住在那儿也没有多长时间。look up“仰望，尊敬”；put up“建造，搭起”；make up“组成，构成，弥补”。16d句意：据科学家们说，我们大脑的能力在22岁达到最高水平后，从27岁开始下降。differ“不同，有异”；shrink“变小，减少，收缩”；fail “（健康、体力、视力等）衰退，减弱”；decline“下降，衰退，减退”。17b句意：有了你积累的这些信息，就可以着手开始准备你的经营计划了。set out“着手，开始”，后面接动词不定式；set about“开始做某事”，后面接动名词形式；set off“出发，动身”；set up“建立，创立，竖立”。18bcome up with意为“提出”；put up with意为“忍受，容忍”；turn to意为“转向，求助于”；stick to意为“坚持”。句意：我可以忍受房间里不整齐，但是我讨厌房间里脏。根据句意判断应选b项。19cdisappear意为“消失，不见了”；fall意为“下落，（位置）下降，（力量）减退”；fail意为“失败，（健康）衰退，变弱”；damage意为“损害，毁坏”。句意：威廉发现他读书越来越困难了，因为他的视力开始衰退了。20b考查动词词义辨析及搭配。根据of 的提示，首先排除a项和d项；remind sb.of sth.表示“提醒某人某事”；warn sb.of sth.表示“告诫某人某事”。句意：玛丽，我提醒了约翰要帮助你的承诺。根据句意选b项。21bdirect “指导，导演”； limit“限制，局限”； change“改变，变化”； improve“提高，改善”。句意：如果我们想成功，学识很重要，但是它们也可能会“限制”我们的思维。22anegotiate “协商”； quarrel“争吵”； argue“争论”；consult“咨询；请教”。句意：部长说：“我们做好准备与任何合法党派进行磋商，但我们决不会与犯罪分子进行协商。”故只有a项符合句意。23d考查动词辨析。operate“操作；经营；运转；动手术”； strengthen “增强；加强”； approve“批准；赞成”； accumulate“积累；聚积”。句意：临床证据开始累积，这表明新药物相比较于在动物身上进行实验得出的推测拥有更广泛的用途。故d项正确。24btake down“写下；取下”； bring down“降低” ; hand down“传递”； tear down“拆毁；拆除；扯下”。句意：政府已采取措施降低日用品的高价来维护市场的稳定。故b项符合句意。25bput off “推迟”；speed up“加速”；speed up the flow of traffic“使车流加速”；turn on“打开”；work out“解决，计算出”。句意：他们在拓宽桥面以使车流加速。故b项正确。26c句意：你不可能预知一切。事情的结果往往不是你期望的那样。根据句意可知答案为c项work out，这里意思是“结果是，最终是”。a项“用光，耗尽”；b项“（战争、火灾、瘟疫等）爆发”；d项“熄灭，出版，生产”。27a答句句意：不生气了，但我不否认她的话伤害了我。deny“否认”；refuse“拒绝”；reject“拒绝，谢绝，驳回”；decline “辞谢，谢绝”。28d句意：你看起来很难过，怎么啦？我