高考英语完形填空基础训练题（113）.doc

2014高考英语完形填空基础训练题（113）及答案passage thirty-five (exploration on the origin of continents) the origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle. theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the first step in continent growth, or have been subject to serious objections. it is the purpose of this article to examine the possible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in the production of continental nuclei. unfortunately, the geological evolution of the earths surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin. paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of the earth may be found on the moon and planets, rather than on the earth, because some of these bodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. as a result, relatively primitive surface features are preserved for study and analysis. in the case of both the moon and mars, it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. likewise, it would appear a reasonable hypothesis that the earth has also been subjected to meteoroid bombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the earth early in its geological history. the large crater on the moon listed by baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. however, if we accept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunar impact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. based on a lunar analogy, one might expect several impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on earth. by applying baldwins equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. baldwin admits that his equation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhat smaller. based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater. baldwins equation gives the depth of the zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 75km. the plasticity of the earths mantle at the depth makes it impossible to speak of “bracciation” in the usual sense. however, local stresses may be temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes. thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. numerous authors have considered the geological implications of such an event. donn et al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-size bodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of ocean basins. the major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basins is not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequately explained. we agree with donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may have caused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy to the system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material.1. a mare basin is a. a formula for determining the relationship between the depth and width of craters. . a valley that is filled in when a spatial body has impact with the moon or the earth.c. a planetoid (small planet) created when a meteorite, upon striking the moon, breaks off a part of the moon.d. a dark spot on the moon, once supposed to be a sea, now a plain.2. the writer does not believe thata. an asteroid is larger than a meteorite. material from space, upon hitting the earth, was eventually distributed.c. the earth, at one time, had craters.d. ocean were formerly craters.3. the article is primarily concerned witha. the origin of continents. the relationship between astral phenomena and the moon.c. differences of opinion among authoritative geologists.d. the relationship between asteroids and meteorites.4. sialic material refers to a. the broken rock resulting from the impact of a meteorite against the earth. material that exists on planets other than the earth.c. a composite of rock typical of continental areas of the earth.d. material that is man-made to simulate materials that existed far back in geological history.vocabulary1. meteorit 陨石，陨星2. asteroid （火星和木星轨道间）小行星3. obliterate 除去，消减痕迹4. crater 火山口，陨石坑5. mare 海，（也指月亮，火星上的）阴暗区6. impact 撞击7. impact crater 陨石坑，撞击火山8. brecciate 合成角砾岩 the zone of brecciation 角砾岩地带9. mantle 地幔10. stress 应力 local stress 局部（本身）应力11. sialic 硅铝的12. probability 概率，可能性13. disseminate 传播，分散，浸染14. morphology 组织，结构，形态（学）15. astral 星（星状体）的难句译注1. unfortunately, the geological evolution of the earths surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin.结构简析 句中用suchthat 句型。参考译文 遗憾的是，地球表面的地质变化对大陆原始结构和组成起了抹煞的作用。这种消除作用达到了这种程度，使进一步的大陆的研究工作很难对大陆起源问题去得明确的答案。2. in the case of both the moon and mars. it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history.结构简析 in the case of 就说，至于，论到。参考译文 拿月亮和火星来说，一般都从它们表面严重的陨石坑得出结论：它们在其地质进化过程中遭到过巨大的陨星的撞击。3. two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.结构简析 that clause 是high probability 的说明同位语。参考译文 这一概念本身固有的两大难点是缺乏任何已知的硅铝陨石和下列现象的高概率：即撞击的能量会导致硅铝材料广泛分散，而不是集中于撞击点上。写作方法与文章大意 文章一开始就说明了此文论述“大陆核生成过程中大的陨星的撞击作用。”由于地球表面地质进化抹去了大陆原始结构和组成的痕迹，只好由月亮和火星作为研究对象来说明地球。从三方面来论述：一是鲍德温的方程式，深度和宽度；二是硅铝组成；三是海洋盆地。最后结论。答案祥解1. d. 是月球上的一个黑点，一度认识是海，现在知道是平原。mare basin海盆地。词义本身说明d项对。另一方面，第二段开始提及“鲍德温所列出的月球上最大的陨石坑直径为285公里。可是，如果我们接受了某些由于撞击而形成海盆地的结构假设，那么月球上最大陨石坑的直径可能有650公里大。”这里都说mare basin指的是月球上陨石坑。这就排除了a,b,c三个选项。a. 是测定陨石坑深度和宽度的公式。 b. 当某一天体或地球撞击时填入的深谷。 c. 当陨星撞击月亮时，撞掉的部分月亮而形成小星体。2. d. 海洋是原来的陨石坑。倒数第二段“另一方面，gilvarry 用陨星撞击来解释海洋盆地的形成。这一模式的最大困难在于大多数海洋盆地结构和撞击情况不符。”a. 小行星大于陨星。 b. 来自太空的材料，在撞击地球时，均匀分布。 c. 地球一度有过陨石坑。这三项明显不对， 谈不上相信不相信。3. a. 大陆起源。这在文章一开始就点明“大陆核起源长期以来一直是个谜。进展到现在的理论一般都不能说明大陆生长的第一步情况，或者遭到严厉的反对。这篇文章的目的就是要研究大陨星或小行星的撞击在地球核生成中可能起的作用。”另见难句译注1。 b. 星际现象和月球的关系。 c. 权威地质学家意见分歧。 d. 小行星和陨星之间的关系。4. c. 地球大陆地区特有的岩石构成。第三段第三句：“举例说，donn et al.提出大陆区域大小的，硅铝结构的天体撞击形成最初的大陆块的设想。”其它见难句译注3。 a. 由于陨星撞击地球形成破碎的岩石。 b. 存在于地球之外其它星球的材料。 c. 人造材料模拟存在于遥远地质史上的材料。三项文内都没有提到。阅读理解-ccompulsive（强迫的）shoppers may have a new psychological excuse to blame for their wild shopping. psychologists at the university of canterbury in new zealand are studying the “shop-till-you-drop” habit as a behavioral disorder similar to compulsive eating. compulsive shoppers frequently buy more than they can afford or more than they need, and it causes them distress.“it becomes a problem when you are out of control,” psychology lecturer neville blampied said. “when you are feeling bad and blue, what do you do? some people eat chocolate cake and ice cream. some people take the credit card and go out to the shop.” bank managers understand the problem because they have to deal with people who have to be persuaded to stop using their cards drawing money.compulsive shopping was first discovered in 1915, although it was then known as oniomania. few studies have been done on the problem.an advertisement in a christchurch paper, calling for people to take part in an experimental treatment program designed by mr wilson, attracted 10 replies. but the problem, said mr wilson, is “clearly not rare”. he thinks that compulsive shopping should not be treated with drugs. “as psychologists we are interested in non-drug treatments for behavioral difficulties,” mr wilson said.compulsive eaters or shoppers get a kick from their habit. “both activities provide an immediate kind of kick and you feel a bit better,” he said. “you have long-term problems, but human beings are extremely good at not seeing long-term problems and are very sensitive to short-term benefits,” he said.the aim of the treatment was to help people find better ways of managing their emotions. the program, consisting of 10 one-hour weekly lessons and two follow-up treatments, is loosely based on teaching stress management.“you often have to start to get people to correctly recognize their emotions. not being able to know what you really feel weakens your ability to solve the problems connected with whats making you feel that way,” mr wilson said.8. what is this article mostly about?a. signs of compulsive shopping. b. studies of compulsive shopping.c. comparison of compulsive shopping and compulsive eating.d. an experimental treatment program designed by mr wilson.9. the underlined word“it”in the first paragraph most probably refers to .a. a new psychological excuse b. compulsive eatingc. the study done by blampied d. the behavior of wild shopping10. which of the following is considered important in treating compulsive shoppers?a. teaching them to manage their money better.b. teaching them to understand their emotions.c. persuading them not to draw money from the bank.d. treating them with right drugs.11. when the writer says that compulsive shoppers get a kick from their habit, he means that they .a. feel distressed after their wild shopping b. feel better after treatment from psychologistsc. are better able to deal with stress problems d. have a feeling of excitement after shopping【参考答案】811、bdbd 阅读理解（共20小题；每题2分，满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（a、b、c和d)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题 卡上将该项涂黑。athe baby elephant ishanga was lying in the bushes, scared, starving, and struggling to breathe. until just a few days before, she had been with her mother, walking through the sweeping grasslands of tsavo national park in the african country of kenya.the babys mother was killed, most likely by a poacher. on wednesday, november 17，2010， an anti-poaching team was removing the deadly wire traps that poachers set throughout the park. luckily, a member of the team spotted the baby and rushed to help her.suddenly, a lion sprang from the bushes and clamped its mouth around her neck. one person managed to pull out his gun and fire shots in the air. the shocked lion released the baby and backed away.now the weakened baby had a grave wound on her neck. about 300 miles north of tsavo is a place that helps baby elephants. over the years, the orphanage(孤儿院）has raised 130 elephants and successfully released them back into the wild.after a tense wait and a plane ride, the babys rescuers made it to the orphanage. the medical staff worked frantically to treat her wound. she was scared and wild. she screamed, and wouldnt let any humans get near her, refusing to eat or drink.after two hours of intense medical care, ishanga awoke and slowly struggled to her feet. two keepers and a veterinarian had been with her all night. they were relieved that she seemed to be recovering.the next day, though ishanga remained weak, her keepers introduced her to some of the other 14 young elephants living at the orphanage. the keepers stood back as the other elephants extended their trunk in friendly greetings. the older elephants led ishanga around, giving her a tour of her new home.over the past year, ishangas wounds have healed. she has made many friends. itll be up to ishanga to decide when shes ready to leave the orphanage. returning to the wild is a long process that can take more than 10 years. for now, she is in no rush to leave this extraordinary community of elephants and humans. ishanga has a long, happy life ahead of her.26.the underlined word “poacher” in paragraph 2 probably means_.a. someone who hunts illega