山东省济宁市学而优教育咨询有限公司中考英语复习 语法大全.doc

山东省济宁市学而优教育咨询有限公司2013年中考英语复习 语法大全1名词的种类专有名词 普通名词国名地名人名团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词2名词的数2.1规定名词的复数形式：一般在在单数形式后面加-s或-es 规则 例词1 一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves knife-knives wife-wives half-halves 加-schief-chiefs proof-proofs roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties family-families story-stories city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys boy-boys day-days ray-rays henry-henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esnegro-negroes hero-heroes potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos photo-photos auto-autos kilo-kilos solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeroes/zeros volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios bamboo-bamboos zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths mouth-mouths month-months path-paths2.2不规则名词复数的复数形式是不规则的，先归纳如下：1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式：man-men woman-women foot-feet goose-geese mouse-mice2单复数相同; sheep deer means works fish yuan jin3只有复数形式：trousers clothes thanks goods glasses4一些集体名词总是用作复数：people police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）：class family crowd couple group government population team public party6复数形式表示特别含义：customs（海关）times（时代）spirits（情绪）drinks（饮料）sands（沙滩）papers（文件报纸）looks（外表）brains（头脑智力）greens（青菜）7表示某国人7.1直接加-s：americans australians germans greeks swedes europeans7.2单复数同行：swiss portuguese chinese japanese7.3以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men或-women：englishmen frenchwomen8合成名词8.1将主体名词变为复数：sons-in-law lookers-on passers-by story-tellers boy friends8.2无主体名词的将最后一部分改为复数：grown-ups housewives stopwatches8.3将两部分变为复数：women singers， men servants三名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格，分为两种情况：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是有介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 3.1 s所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加 sthe boys father jacks book her son-in-laws photo复数名词 一般在末尾加sthe teachers room the twins room不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys womens rights表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均需加sjapans and americans problem jane and marys bikes以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者dickens novels charless job the smithshouse 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sjapan and americans problem jane and marys problem表示某人家，店铺 所有格后名词省the doctors the barbers the tailors my uncles 3.2 s所有格的用法1表示时间todays newspaper five weeksholiday2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan the worlds plan chinas plan4表示工作群体the ships crew majoritys view the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view a stones throw at ones wits end(不知所措)3.3of 所有格的用法3.3.1用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair， the cover of the book3.3.2 用于有生命的东西，尤其是比较长的定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students3.3.3用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a，an），定冠词（the） 2.1不定冠词的用法1指一类人或者一类事相当于a kind ofa plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指a boy is waiting for you,3表示每一，相当于every，onewe study eight hours a day4表示相同。相当于 the samewe are nearly of an age5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或某名人有类似性质的人或事a mr. smith came to visit you when you were out.the boy is rather a lei feng6用于quite rather many half what such 之后this room is rather a big one.7用于固定词组中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time in a hurry have a walk many a time8用于so（as too how ）+形容词之后she is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.2.2定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物the house is a useful animal. 2用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the pacific ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的或者事wind you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the rich the living the wounded6表示一家人或者夫妇the greens the wangs 7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前he is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the united states the communist party of china the french9用于表示发明物的单数名词前the compass was invented in china.10在逢十的复数数词之前，世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前i hired the car by the hour 12用于方位名词，身体部位名词及表示时间的词组前he patted me on the shoulder. 2.3零冠词的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前beijing university, jack, china, love air2名词前有this my whose some no each every等限制i want this book, not that one.whose purse is this?3季节 月份 星期 节假日 一日三餐前match sunday national day, spring 4表示职位 身份 头衔 的名词前lincoln was made president of america.5学科 语言 球类 棋类名词前he likes playing footballchess 6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train by air by land7以and连接的连个相对的名词并用时day and night knife and fork husband and wife8表示泛指的复数名词前horses are useful animals三代词3.1代词可以分为七大类1人称代词主格i you he she it we you they宾格me you him her it us you them2物主代词形容词性my you his her its our their名词性mine yours his hers its ours theirs3反身代词myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves4指示代词this that these those such some5疑问代词who whom whose which what whoever whichever whatever6关系代词that which who whom whose as7不定代词one some any, each every ,none no, many much, few little a few a little,other another, all both, neither, either 3.2不定代词用法注意点3.2.1 one，some 与any：1）one可以指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。one should learn to think of others。have you any books？no，i dont have any books.i have some questions to ask.2)some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。would you like some bananas？ could you give me some money？3）some和any修饰可数名词单数时。some表示某个，any表示任何一个i have read this article in some magazine。please correct the mistakes，if any。4）some与数词连用表示大约，any可与比较级连用表示程度。there are some 3000 students in this school。 do you feel any better today？3.2.2 each 和every：each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或者两个以上，而every强调的是整体，所指的数必须是三个或者三个以上。each student has a dictionary。each of us has a dictionary。 we each have a dictionary。every student has strong and weak points。3.2.3none 和no：no等于not any，作定语。none做主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。there is no water in the bottle。how much water is there in the bottle？ none none of the students are（is）afraid of difficulties。3.2.4other 和another1）other泛指 另外的，别的 常与其他连词连用，如：the other day，every other week，some other reason，no other waythe other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如he hold a book in one hand and his notes in the other。 two students in class failed，but all the others passed the exam。2）another 指 另一个 又一个 无所指，复数形式是others 泛指别的人或事i dont like this shirt，please show me another（one） the trousers are too long, please show me another pair.some like football, while others like basketball.3.2.5 all和both。neither和 eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数，both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none。all of the books are not written in english。= not all of the books are written in englishboth of us are not teachers。not both of us are teachers。 either of us is a teacher 四形容词和副词 1形容词 形容词的位置1） 形容词做定语通常前置，但在下列情况而后置4.1.1修饰some，any ，every，no和body，thing，one等构成的符合不定代词时，如：nobody absent， everything possible，4.1.2以-able，-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后，如：the best book available，the only solution possible4.1.3alive，alike，awake，asleep，等可以后置，如：the only person awake4.1.4和空间，时间，单位连用时，如：a bridge 50 meters long4.1.5成对的形容词可以置后，如：a huge room simple and beautiful4.1.6形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序 代词数词 性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchthe athisanotheryoursecondanotherone fourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowchineselondonsilkstone3)复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year 2副词副词的分类1时间副词soon early now finally once recently5频度副词always often frequentlyseldom never2地点副词here nearby outside upwards above6疑问副词how when where why3方式副词hard well fast slowly excitedlyreally7连接副词how when where why whether however meanwhile4程度副词almost nearly very fairly quite rather8关系副词when where why三形容词和副词比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节前加more和most。3.1形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成1）规则变化构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级单音节词和部分双音节词一般在词尾加er或esthightallshortslowhighertallershorterslowerhighesttallestshortestslowest以字母e结尾的词加-r或-stfinelatefinerlaterfinestlatest重读闭音节词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-estbigthinfatbiggerthinnerfatterbiggestthinnestfattest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，先把y改为i再加-er或-esteasyfunnyearlyeasierfunnierearliereasiestfunniestearliest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostbeautifulinterestingoutgoingcomfortablemore beautifulmore interestingmore outgoingmore comfortablemost beautifulmost interestingmost outgoingmost comfortable2） 不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbad/badlymany/muchlittlefarbetterworsemorelessfartherfurtherbestworstmostleastfarthestfurthest3.2形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法级用法例句比较级表示两者（人或事物）的比较。在比较级+than的句型中，当than前后所使用的动词相同时。通常用助动词代替后面的动词。该动词或者助动词可以省略。tina is more athletic than sam.who runs faster, lucy or han mei? he works much harder than i (do).=he works much harder than me.最高级表示三者或者三者以上（人或事物）的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个。形容词最高级前面一般要加定冠词the，后面可带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围。my person is the funniest person i know.the screen city is the best theater in our town.who is the funniest actor of the three.3.3注意点1同级比较时常用asas以及not so（as）.as如:i am not so good a player as you are。tom runs as fast as jack。2可以修饰比较级的词有：much ，many， a lot ，even， far， a bit，a little，still，yet，by far，any，a great deal3表示一方随另一方变化时用the more.the more.句型如：the harder you work，the more progress you will make。4用比较级来表达最高级的意思，如：i have never spent a more worrying day。5表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：our school is three times larger than yoursour school is four times as large as yours。= our school is four times the size of yours。6表示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favorite excellent extreme perfect五介词（prepositions）介词一般用于名词和代词前，表示该词与句中其它成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词（若是人称代词，则要用宾格）称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语结合在一起构成介词短语。1介词的分类1简单介词about across after against among around at below beyond during in on2合成介词inside into onto out of outside throughout upon within without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论) including6形容词转化成的介词like unlike near next opposite1.1时间介词 at on in钟点at six oclock用餐at lunch time节日at christmas年龄at the age of 20时间at this time 时刻at sunrise一天中的某段时刻at noon at night, at dawn.某一天的时间段on saturday morning/afternoon/evening周几on monday日期on may 4th节日on new years dayon weekends on vacation一天中某段时间 in the afternoon in (during) the day月份in april季节in spring年份in 1949世纪in the 19th century时期in the holidays其它表示时间的介词还有before，after等，如：before breakfast/ class/ school/ after breakfast/class/ school1.2地点介词表示地点的介词很多，如at，in，on，near，next to，in front of，above，under，behind，beside， between等等。此外，in the front of，in the middle of，at/in the corner of, at the back of等，也是表示地点的介词短语。但其中最常用也是最灵活的是at in on这三个介词。比如在河里可以说in the river，on the river；同样，在学校里也可以说in school或者at school。at 表示一个点（或小地方）at your school，at home，at the pool，at huaxing clothes store， at new park，at the houseon 表示在一个表面on center street/fifth avenue, on the table/chair/dresser, on the wall, on the beach, on the floorin 表示一个范围（或大地方）in paris/beijing/china, in the water, in the park/supermarket, in the school playground, in class five, in the school magazine/the photo, in the corner要注意的是，学习表示地点的介词at on in的正确用法，关键是要把握从什么角度看空间中的位置，试比较下列三个句子：they stood at the door and waited。他们站在门口等着（站在门口那个点上）he is putting up a picture on the door.他正把一幅画贴到门上（贴在门那个上面）there is a hole in the door.门上有个洞（从立体的角度看门上的洞）其他地点介词above 在.上方 there is a map above the blackboard。under 在.的下方 the watch is under the bed。before 在前面 david was standing before the mirror。in the front of 在.前面there are some chairs in the front of the room。（某物内部的前面）in front of 在.前面the school is in front of the post office。（在某物外部前面）in the middle of 在.中间my home is in the middle of the city。behind 在.的后面the hotel is behind the library。near 靠近；在附近there is a big supermarket near your house。next to 在旁边 附近 the school is next to the post office。beside在旁边there is a dog beside lily。inside 在.的里面i never went inside the building。outside 在外面we can eat outside the classroom。between 在.之间the library is between the restaurant and the supermarket。across from 在.对面our house is across from the supermarket。through 穿过，通过take a walk through the parkdown 沿着go down along the streetat the back of在.的后面at the back of the school is a playground。in the corner of 在的角落the cat is lying in the corner of the living room。1.3其他介词about关于；对于could you tell me about your life？from从.；自从he has a pen pal from china.with 与.一起；附有next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden. she often goes to the park with her father.of .的；属于.的 here is a photo of my family。 date of birthto向；到；对let me tell you the way to my house。 my english class is from8:00to9:00.as担任；象：当.时we have a job for you as a writer。 as a boy，he often went skating in winter.like 像what does he look like? what is the weather look like?at 在；对着；以call ann at495-3539 we have sweaters at a very good price。for 对于；为了；给.for breakfast，he likes eggs，bananas，and apples。以.为代价 for boys，you can buy socks for only￥5each。(表示时间持续).之久after class，i play volleyball for two hours。1.4固定搭配1）介词和名词的连用at at first起初 at last最后 at school在上课；在上学 at home在家，无拘束 at the moment此刻 at present现在 at work在上班 在工作 at the same time同时on on duty值日 on holiday度假 on time准时 on the left/right在左右边 on the radio在广播中 on foot步行 on sale出售；降价出售 on tv在电视上播放 on the way在路上 on the phone在电话中in in all总体 in class在课堂上 in english用英语 in short总之 in a hurry匆忙的 in the end最后 in bed躺床上 in danger在危险中 in fact事实上 in time 及时的 in a minute立刻，马上 2) 动词和介词的连用arrive in/at到达 get off下车 learn from向学习 help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 look after照顾 look for寻找 think of想到 ask for请求 get up起床 laugh at嘲笑 listen to听 look at看，注视 talk about讨论 wait for 等候，等 worry about担心 thank for为.而感谢3) 形容词和介词的连用be afraid of害怕 be proud of感到自豪 be careful with/about小心 be interested in对感兴趣be good at善于 be crazy about酷爱 be late for干某事迟到 be good for对有利3) 其他by+交通工具 by bus/ train/ plane/ air /ship/ bikelots of /a lot of许多，大量 at most至多 at least至少 at once立即，马上 in order to为了2常用介词区别表示时间的in，on，atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段时间，on总是与日子有关表示时间的since，fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始表示时间的in，afterin 指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中表示地理位置的in，on，toin 表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之内表示在上的on，inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分表示穿过的through，acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关表示关于的about，onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述between和among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或者三者以上的中间besides和except的区别besides指除了.还有再加上，except指除了，减去什么，不放在句首表示用的in，withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音as与like的区别as意为作为，以地为或身份，like为象一样，指情形相似in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态）into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六动词 1动词的时态1.1动词的时态共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下： 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking1.2现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加已经等词，简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：i have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer。（已经看过并且了解本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译时可加过，了等词。简言之，只谈过去，不关现在。如：i read the novel last month。（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）i lived in beijing for ten years。（只说明在北京住过了10年，与现在无关）1.3现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示从过去开始一直持续到现在，在含义上如注重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时，一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。i have read that book。我读过那本书了 i have been reading that book all the morning。我一早上在读那本书1.4一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句will，shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态my sister will be ten next year.be going to+动词原形含有打算，计划即将做某事，或者表示很有可能要做某事we are going to have a party tonight.be+doing进行时表示将来go come start move leave arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作he is moving to the south.are they leaving for europe?be about to+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语。the meeting is about to closei was about to leave when the bell rang.be to+动词原型表示按计划进行或征求对方意见we are to meet at the school gate at noon.一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来the meeting starts at five oclock.the plane leaves at ten this evening. 2动词的被动语态常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am is are asked6过去进行时was were being asked2一般过去时was were asked7现在完成时have has been asked3一般将来时shall will be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去将来时should would be asked9将来完成时will would have been5现在进行时am is are being asked10含有情