高考英语二轮复习 第三部分 阅读理解 专题三 主旨大意类课件.ppt

主题型主旨归纳题themainidea centralidea ofthepassageis thepassageismainlyabout thepassagemainlydiscusses thepassageisconcernedprimarilyabout whatisthediscussionmainlyabout whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarize sumupthemainideaofthepassage whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage whatisthepassage textmainlyabout 专题三主旨大意类 设问方式 1 标题型主旨归纳题thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext whatcan mightbethebesttitleforthetext thepassage 目的型主旨归纳题theauthor smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto thepassageismeantto theauthor spurposeistoshow thepurposeofthearticleisto whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage 2 3 考点一 主旨大意题 典例 2015重庆 c片段 jointhediscussion lakelander 2hoursagotoday amantalkedveryloudonhisphoneonatrainbetweenmalvernandreading makingmanypassengersupset iwonderhowhewouldreactifiweretoreadmynewspaperoutloudonthetrain ihaveneverhadthecouragetodoit though pak50 57minutesagowhynotgiveitatry perhapsyoushouldtakelessonsonamusicalinstrument thelatemusiciandennisbrainissaidtohaveaskedafellowtrainpassengertoturnoffhisradio whenhisrequestwasrefused hetookouthisfrenchhorn 号 andstartedtopractise angieo edema 42minutesagoidon tseehowmusicalinstrumentscanhelpimprovemannersinpublic don tdotootherswhatyouwouldn tliketobedonetoyourself once apassengernexttometalkedoutloudonhismobilephone ileftmyseatquietly givinghimsomeprivacytofinishhisconversation herealisedthisandapologisedtome whenhisphonerangagainlater helefthisseattoanswerit yousee abitofrespectandcooperationcandothejobbetter taodas 29minutesagoididreadmynewspaperoutloudonatrain anditturnedoutwell theguytookitingoodpart andwechattedhappilyallthewaytoedinburgh sophie76 13minutesagoihavenottriedreadingmynewspaperoutloudonatrain but severalyearsago ireadsomechaptersfromharrypottertomyboredandnoisychildren severalpassengersseemedtoappreciatewhatidid 46 whatisthediscussionmainlyabout a howtoreacttobadbehavior b howtokilltimeonatrain c howtochatwithstrangers d howtomakeaphonecall 剖析 a主旨大意题 本文针对一个人在火车上用手机通话时声音太大的行为展开讨论 主要讨论面对不良行为人们应该做出什么反应 badbehavior与talkedveryloud对应 lakelander发帖中的react在a项中再次出现 名师在线主题句是文章的核心 它往往是一个有很强概括性和代表性的句子 找到了文章的主题句 文章的中心思想也就显而易见了 1 主题句位于首段 其特点是开门见山地提出论点 再分别说明 2 主题句位于尾段 其特点是归纳式 即细节在前 概括在后 3 主题句 位于中间段落 其特点是引出话题 论述主题 解释 了解这一特点有利于考生根据文章开头和结尾的内容进行综合推理 若文章无主题句 考生可以依据文中的事实 细节 观点 归纳出文章的主题 4 主题句通常具有下面一些特征 1 举例子的句子不是主题句 前后句可能是主题句 2 问句不是主题句 回答句可能是主题句 3 首段转折处常为文章的主题句 4 主题句常包含文章的主题词 5 主题句常包含主次之分的表达 aratherthanb等 6 主题句常包含时间提示词 recently today等 7 定义型的句子 becalledas beknownas is are等 8 强调型的句子 stress focus等 9 总结型的句子 researchindicates studysuggests等 考点二 文章标题题 典例 2015新课标全国 b片段 yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan openthecurtainsandturnupthelights darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating forpeopleareoftenlessself conscious 难为情 whenthey reinpoorlylitplaces andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood ifyourhomedoesn thaveenoughwindowlight getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness mindthecolors researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites inonestudy peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry sowhenit stimetorepaint goblue don tforgettheclock ortheradio peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories 卡路里 permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals beginkeepingtrackofthetime andtrytomakedinnerlastatleast30minutes andwhileyou reatit actuallysitdowntoeat ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown turnonrelaxingmusic itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal downsizethedishes bigservingbowlsandplatescaneasilymakeusfat weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12 inchplateinsteadofa10 inchplate whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone totalintake 摄入 jumpsby14percent andwe llpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort wideglassthanatall skinnyglass 8 whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext a isyourhousemakingyoufat b waysofservingdinnerc effectsofself consciousnessd isyourhomeenvironmentrelaxing 剖析 a标题归纳题 本文主要介绍了墙壁的颜色 房间的亮度 吃饭的速度以及吃饭时使用的器皿大小等都与一个人的身材有关 因此a项 你的房子正让你发胖吗 最适合做文章标题 b项 提供正餐的方式 c项 自我意识的作用 d项 你家的环境令人放松吗 均与本文的主题不符 名师在线 1 标题特征 1 概括性 文章的标题能最大程度地概括全文 直接指向文章的主要内容 体现文章主旨 2 醒目性 标题要能吸引读者的注意力 唤起读者对文章的阅读兴趣 标题是文章的点睛之笔 是文章的灵魂 要简洁 突出 新颖 标题的好坏往往影响读者阅读的兴趣 读者一般会通过阅读标题来取舍文章 故标题要醒目 以吸引读者的注意力 2 标题的归纳方式要做好标题归纳题 还需要了解标题的归纳方式 一般来说 标题的归纳方式是 以话题为核心 将控制性概念的词按一定的语法原则浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组 比如某文章的中心句子为 coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld 话题 coffee控制性概念 isauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld标题 coffeearoundtheworld注意 做此类题时 要避免下列三种错误 1 概括不够 多表现为部分替代整体 从而导致范围太小 2 过度概括 多表现为人为扩大范围 3 以事实 细节替代文章大意 考点三 写作目的题 典例 2015重庆 b片段 inancientegypt ashopkeeperdiscoveredthathecouldattractcustomerstohisshopsimplybymakingchangestoitsenvironment modernbusinesseshavebeenfollowinghislead withmoretactics 策略 onetacticinvolveswheretodisplaythegoods forexample storesplacefruitsandvegetablesinthefirstsection theyknowthatcustomerswhobuythehealthyfoodfirstwillfeelhappysothattheywillbuymorejunkfood 垃圾食品 laterintheirtrip indepartmentstores thewomen sshoesectionisgenerallynexttothewomen scosmetics 化妆品 section whiletheshopassistantisgoingbacktofindtherightsizeshoe boredcustomersarelikelytowanderoverandfindsomecosmeticstheymightwanttotrylater besides businessesseektoappealtocustomers senses storesnoticethatthesmellofbakedgoodsencouragesshopping sotheymaketheirownbreadeachmorningandthenfanthebreadsmellintothestorethroughouttheday musicsellsgoods too researchersinbritainfoundthatwhenfrenchmusicwasplayed salesoffrenchwineswentup whenitcomestothesellingofhouses businessesalsousehighlyrewardingtactics theyfindthatcustomersmakedecisionsinthefirstfewsecondsuponwalkinginthedoor andturnitintoabusinessopportunity acaliforniabuilderdesignedthestructureofitshousessmartly whenenteringthehouse thecustomerwouldseethepacificoceanthroughthewindows andthenthepoolthroughanopenstairwayleadingtothelowerlevel theinstantviewofwateronbothlevelshelpedsellthese 10millionhouses 43 whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage a toexplainhowbusinessesturnpeopleintotheircustomers b tointroducehowbusinesseshavegrownfromthepast c toreportresearchesoncustomerbehavior d toshowdishonestbusinesspractices 剖析 a目的意图题 文章的第一段就点明了主题 本文主要介绍的是商家是通过哪些手段把人们变成顾客的 因此答案选a 文章虽然提到了古埃及 但并不是介绍商家是如何从过去发展而来的 因此b项不对 文章主要聚焦在商家的一些做法上 因此c项有误 d项的dishonest一词与全文的基调不一致 文章只是客观介绍 并没有暗示商家不诚实 名师在线每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的 而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来的 而是隐含在文章之中 因此 这类问题要求学生在理解文章总体内容的基础上 去领会作者的言外之意 不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的 但写作目的通常有以下三种 1 toentertainreaders 娱乐读者 让人发笑 2 topersuadereaders 说服读者接受某种观点 3 toinformreaders 告知读者某些信息 考点四 段落大意题 典例 2015四川 c片段 thestudyshowsmothersmatterallyearlongandnotjustonmother sday theemotional physicalandmentalenergymothersdevotetotheirchildrencanbenever ending butchildrenarealsosourcesofgreatjoyandhappiness investing 投入 intimeforparentingandraisingrelationshipsismoneywellspent 40 whatisstressedinthelastparagraph a mothers importanceshowsinfamilyallyearlong b thesacrificesmothersmakearehugebutworthwhile c mothers devotiontochildrencanhardlybecalculated d investingtimeinparentingwouldbringafinancialreturn 剖析 b段落大意题 根据theemotional physicalandmentalenergymothersdevotetotheirchildrencanbenever ending butchildrenarealsosourcesofgreatjoyandhappiness investing 投入 intimeforparentingandraisingrelationshipsismoneywellspent 可以得知 母亲们对孩子的付出是无止境的 但是孩子也是母亲们快乐和幸福的源泉 因此母亲们的牺牲虽然巨大 但是值得 故正确答案为b项 名师在线段落大意即某一段的中心思想 一般体现在某个句子 即主题句 中 主题句具有明显的概括性 句子结构简单 段落中其他句子均用来解释 支撑或扩展主题句所表述的主题思想 主题句通常位于段首 但也可位于段尾 段中或者段首段尾前后呼应 把握好段落的主题句是解答此类题的关键 对点训练 a 2015福建 e groupexerciseisoneofthemosteffectivewaystoimprovephysicalfitnessandsustain 保持 ahealthylifestyle groupexerciseischallenging yetfunandempowering ofcourseeveryoneknowsthatexerciseisgoodforthebody however studieshaveshownthatwhenexerciseisperformedingroups it snotonlygreatforimprovingphysicalhealthbutforpsychologicalhealth it sanopportunitytobesocial releaseendorphins 内啡肽 andimproveyourstrength additionally groupexercisecreatesacommunityfeelandthesharedcommongoalmotivatesparticipantstoworkhard theinstrumentalsupportoftakingonafitnessjourneywithothersprovesmoreeffectivethangoingtothegymalone anotherbeneficialaspectofgroupexerciseistheinformationalsupportparticipantsreceivefromtheinstructor manypeoplefearthegymbecausetheyfeellostanddon twanttoembarrassthemselves ifyoufeelyoucanrelate thengrouptrainingisanevenbetteroptionforyou it sagreatopportunitytolearnmoreaboutfitnessthroughtheclearinstructionandsupervision 监管 ofafitnessinstructor ifyou retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat llkeepyourworkoutontrack don tletfitnessfrightenyou ifyou reseriousaboutwantingtoliveahealthylifestyle it sextremelyimportanttosurroundyourselfwithpeoplewho llprovideyouwiththeproperemotionalsupport iwouldn tscoldanyonefordecidingtopartyonweekendsandinturniwouldn texpectanyonetogiveoffencetomeforfocusingonmyhealth surroundyourselfwithpeoplewhouplift encourageandunderstandyou makefitnessevenmorefunbytryingsomethingneworanygroupfitnessclass withafriend plantogoforajogtogether thentryafunhealthyrestaurantorfreshjuicebar fitnesscanbebothfunandsocial surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewho llprovideyouwithrespectsupportcanbeverybeneficialwhileworkingtowardsreachinghealthandfitnessgoals first decidetodoitforyourselfandworktowardsstayingpositive thenmakesurethepeopleyousurroundyourselfwitharesupportive don tletnegativityruinyourmotivation 1 thefirstparagraphfocuseson a thegreatestchallengeofgroupexerciseb themosteffectivewaytoimprovephysicalfitnessc thecontributionofgroupexercisetopsychologicalhealthd thesharedcommongoalinperformingexerciseingroups 答案及剖析 1 c推理判断题 第一段的开头部分讲了群体锻炼是增进身体健康最有效的方式之一 b项内容 而且群体锻炼具有挑战性 a项内容 后面也提到共同的目标能激励参与者努力锻炼 d项内容 但是这些都是指群体锻炼对身体健康的益处 由第一段中的关键词语however 表转折 notonly but 以及additionally后的内容可知 本段的重点是but后面的内容 即群体锻炼对于心理健康很有好处 故选c项 2 theunderlinedword upbeat inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans a cheerfulb averagec seriousd temporary 答案及剖析 2 a词义猜测题 由前半句ifyou retiredofwandering andbecomingbored可知 参加upbeat的群体能让你不懈怠或者不厌倦 故upbeat意为 精神振奋的 这与选项中的cheerful同义 故选a项 average普通的 平均的 serious严肃的 认真的 temporary临时的 暂时的 3 whenitcomestoemotionalsupport theauthorthinksitnecessary a tosustainacolorfullifestyleb topartyonweekendswithpositivepeoplec totryafunhealthyrestaurantregularlyd tosurroundyourselfwithsupportivepeople 答案及剖析 3 d细节理解题 由倒数第二段的第一句 it sextremelyimportanttosurroundyourselfwithpeoplewho llprovideyouwiththeproperemotionalsupport 可知d项正确 4 whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage a seekingsupportb supportinghealthc improvingyourstrengthd buildingupfitness 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文 主要讲述了参加群体锻炼的多种益处 群体锻炼不但对身体健康有益 而且对心理健康也有好处 你不相信吗 快来读一下这篇文章吧 答案及剖析 4 b标题归纳题 综观全文可知 本文主要阐述了参加群体锻炼的益处 它不仅仅体现在身体方面 还体现在精神 心理 方面 这恰恰与b项的含义契合 所以选b项 读写一体练 1 改错 groupexerciseisoneofthemosteffectivewaytoimprovephysicalfitnessandsustainahealthylifestyle 剖析 oneof后面接名词的复数形式表示 之一 2 仿写 however studieshaveshownthatwhenexerciseisperformedingroups it snotonlygreatforimprovingphysicalhealthbutforpsychologicalhealth 如果这个项目失败 不仅会影响到我们部门 还会对整个机构产生影响 ifthisprojectfailsitwillaffect thewholeorganization 答案 notonlyourdepartment butalso b 2015天津 c onedaywheniwas12 mymothergavemeanorder iwastowalktothepubliclibrary andborrowatleastonebookforthesummer thiswasonemoreweaponforhertodefeatmystrangeproblem inabilitytoread inthelibrary ifoundmywayintothe children sroom isatdownonthefloorandpulledafewbooksofftheshelfatrandom thecoverofabookcaughtmyeye itpresentedapictureofabeagle ihadrecentlyhadabeagle thefirstandonlyanimalcompanionieverhadasachild hewasmysecretsharer butonemorning hewasgone givenawaytosomeonewhohadthespaceandthemoneytocareforhim ineverforgotmybeagle thereonthebook scoverwasabeaglewhichlookedidentical 相同的 tomydog iranmyfingersoverthepictureofthedogonthecover myeyesranacrossthetitle amos thebeaglewithaplan unknowingly ihadreadthetitle withoutopeningthebook iborroweditfromthelibraryforthesummer undertheshadeofabush istartedtoreadaboutamos ireadvery veryslowlywithdifficulty thoughpageswereturnedslowly igotthemainideaofthestoryaboutadogwho likemine hadbeenseparatedfromhisfamilyandwhofinallyfoundhiswaybackhome thatdogwasmydog andiwasthelittleboyinthebook attheendofthestory mymindcontinuedthefinalsceneofreunion onandon untilmyownlostdogandiwere inmymind runningtogether mymother scallreturnedmetotherealworld isuddenlyrealizedsomething ihadreadabook andihadlovedreadingthatbook everyoneknewicouldnotread butihadreadit bookscouldbeincrediblywonderfulandiwasgoingtoreadthem inevertoldmymotheraboutmy miraculous 奇迹般的 experiencethatsummer butshesawaslowbutremarkableimprovementinmyclassroomperformanceduringthenextyear andyearslater shewasproudthathersonhadreadthousandsofbooks wasawardedaphdinliterature andauthoredhisownbooks articles poetryandfiction thepowerofthewordshasheld 5 theauthor smothertoldhimtoborrowabookinorderto a encouragehimtodomorewalkingb lethimspendameaningfulsummerc helpcurehimofhisreadingproblemd makehimlearnmoreaboutweapons 答案及剖析 5 c细节理解题 第一段末句提到thiswasonemoreweaponforhertodefeatmystrangeproblem inabilitytoread 即作者的妈妈让他去借一本书 是想攻克他阅读障碍的问题 c项所述符合题干要求 a项 鼓励他多走路 b项 让他度过一个有意义的夏天 d项 让他学到更多关于武器的知识 均为干扰项 6 thebookcaughttheauthor seyebecause a itcontainedprettypicturesofanimalsb itremindedhimofhisowndogc hefounditstitleeasytounder