名词的用法讲义.doc

语法学习之名词 龙文教育 镇坪路校区 刘海亮 一名词的分类名词表示人和事物名称的词叫名词专有名词：某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China不可数名词物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，不可数名词无复数形式也不能用数词和不定冠词a/an修饰普通名词一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air work抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：。集体名词： 表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。可数名词个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词个体名词：表示某类人或东西的个体二可数名词 数量大于1时，必须用复数形式，变化规则如下表 ：情况构成读音例词一般情况清辅音后/s/map-maps coats lamps浊辅音和元音后 /z/bag-bags car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加 es读 /iz/bus-buses/watch-watches但stomach加s以ce, se, ze,等结尾加 s读 /iz/license-licenses辅音字母+y变y 为i加es读 /z/baby-babiesy结尾的专有名词及元音字母+y 结尾的名词直接加s变复数读 /z/Two Marysthe Henrys monkeys holidays以o 结尾名词Zero/mosquito/tobacoo烟草/cargo货物可加s或es均可，而其它词一般加s读 /z/photospianos两人两菜和火山加es读 /z/Potatoes, tomatoes, heroes, Negroes 以f或fe 结尾的一般去f，fe加ves读 /vz/half-halvesleaf-leaves个别加s读/s/Beliefs，Gulfs，reefs，roofs，chiefs一般去f，fe加ves读 /vz/half-halves leaf-leaves1既可以加s2也可改f/fe改ves。读/s/读/vz/Handkerchief可-s或Handkerchieves还有Scarf，dwarf（矮子）个别加s读/s/Beliefs，Gulfs，reefs，roofs，chiefs三名词复数的不规则变化 1）child-childrenox-oxen公牛 phenomenon-phenomena现象 foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese mouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，复数是 -men 和-women，如two Englishmen。但German-Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2） 单复数同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese而汉语拼音的单位无复数：如人民币的元、角、分还有li（里），jin（斤），yuan（元），two liang（2两），three mu（三亩），four jiao（五角）。但美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集体名词，形式是单数，但实为复数。peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle。4)the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。5） 以s结尾但仍为单数的名词，如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。A piece of news一条消息c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945.d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：The Arabian Nights一千零一夜 is a very interesting story-book. 6） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses/scissors/gloves/trousers/pants等，若表具体数目须借助数量词 pair（对，双）;suit（套） a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。7） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods(无单数，不用数词/many来修饰，a piece of goods 一件货物)，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼，Works工厂, 作品，工事。8）不同国籍人的单复数 口诀：中日不变（Chinese，Japanese）英法（Englishman，Frenchman）变，其他国人后边s见，尤其是German-Germans国家总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国Chinathe Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士Switzerlandthe Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚Australiathe Australians an Australiantwo Australians俄国Russiathe Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利Italythe Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊Greecethe Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国Francethe Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本Japanthe Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国Americathe Americansan Americantwo Americans印度Indiathe Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大Canadathe Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国Germanythe Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国Englandthe Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典Swissthe Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes四不可数名词:1 无复数，即使有some，any，a lot of =lots =plenty of或 Much=a great deal of =an amount of来修饰，仍然看做单数 There is much meat on the plate.2 a quantity of+名词，作主语要看成看成单数第三人称形式quantities of+名词作主语看成复数形式3 常见的不可数名词有：肉meat/pork/mutton/chicken/beef/fish奶milk/yogurt米rice气gas/air酒水water/drink/beer/wine/cola，面包bread和茶叶tea， 玻璃glass和现金money/change，知识knowledge纸张paper和墨水ink，消息news信息information和垃圾dust/rubbish/gabbage/trash,进步progress和建议advice，家具furniture仪器equipment和行李buggage/luggage,咖啡coffee同白糖sugar， 水果fruit与食物food，小麦wheat谷物grain是财富wealth， 工作，家务和作业，棉花cotton需要时间time雨水和天气weather， 汽油gas大风wind，青草grass大火fire起烟雾， 金木水火土，羊毛及布匹，4 不可数名词的数量表示方法 Aa/an /数词+量词+of +名词 a piece of news/information/wood/chalk Two cups of milk three bowls of rice 数词大于1时，要看成复数：there are 3 plates of meat on the table. B. 有些物质名词在表可数概念时，可化成可数名词 A rain一场雨 /a coffee一份咖啡/ a beer一杯啤酒/have a swim/rest C. 不可数名词加s，可表示不同种类的物品，如：Foods(多种食品)、fruits多种水果，fishes 多种鱼，rains多场雨， snows雪堆，winds多场风 D.单复数表达的意义不同Sand沙子Good利益Thing物品Work工作Force力量Glass玻璃/玻璃杯Short短的Sands 沙滩Goods货物Things情形Works工厂/作品Forces军队Glasses眼镜Shorts短裤五名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1） 单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加 ，不再加s。如：the workers struggle工人的斗争。3） 凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6） 复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or twos absence六名词的修饰语一）定语名词的复数 名词如果表示物，作定语用单数，变复数只变后边名词Fruit shop 水果店- Fruit shopsschool library- school libraries校图书馆个别词修饰其他名词用复数Sports meeting/shoes/clothes/meet运动会/鞋/衣 talks table 谈判桌 students reading-room 学生阅览室 the foreign languages department 外语系 parents meeting家长会man, woman, gentleman表示性别后跟名词时，变复数时前后都变Man teacher-men workersWoman doctor-women doctorsgentlemen officials有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留goods train （货车） arms produce武器生产customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷表示人的名词作定语，多用所有格Teachers Day, Childrens Day,Womens Day ， the peoples hospital数词+名词作定语时，用连字符，其中名词一般保留单数形式two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 a two-hour walk 两小时的步行 a five-year plan.一个五年计划二表示数量的形容词修饰语分类许多，大量的一些，一点儿少，几乎没有的数量（谓语动词单数第三人称）只能跟名词复数Many=quite a few=a number ofA few=severalFew=not manyThe number of既修饰可数名词又修饰不可数名词的，他们的数一般由后边名词定a lot of =lots of=plenty of a quantity of+名词作主语要看成看成单数第三人称形式quantities of+名词作主语看成复数形式Some=any Hardly any=almost noThe quantity of只修饰不可数名词的，Much=a great deal of =an amount ofA little=a bit of Little=not muchThe amount of三名词的修饰语都都不每一个任意一个在。之间只修饰两个的bothNeither/norEachEitherBetween只修饰三个或三个以上的allNoneEach/everyAny among练习1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. a little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes3.The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation4.Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities.a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many6.The large houses are being painted, but _.a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense7.The room was small and contained far too _.a.much new furniture c. much new furnituresb.many new furniture d. many new furnitures8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.a. rooms number b. room number c. rooms numbers d. room numbers9.Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself. a great manymany c. mucha great deal b. a great deal ofmuch d. manya great many10.She didnt know _ he had been given.a. how many information c. how many informationsb. the number of information d. how much information11.He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-armb. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm12.All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_.a. growns-ups c. growns-upb. grown-up d. grown-ups14.The police investigated those _ about the accident.a. stander-by c. standers-byb. stander-bys d. standers-bys15.The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp.a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _ made by Linda lately.a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels17.Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. a. elder sister b. elder sisters c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress18.All the people at the conference are _. a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb.mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers19.Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance.a. some property c. propertiesb. some properties d. property20.Physics _ with matter and motion.a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are21.He has written several books, but his last works _ well known among his friends.a. have b. have been c. is d. are22.After he checked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.a. father-in-laws c. fathers-in-lawb. father-in-law d. fathers-in-laws23.He told me _ would come to his birthday party.a. many Jack friends c. many Jacks friendb. Jacks many friends d. many friends of Jacks24.I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner.a.barber b. barbers c. barbers d. barbers25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.a. Peter and Helens c. Peter and Helenb. Peter and Helens d. Peters and Helens26._ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the suns energy.a. The earths surface c. The surface of earthb. The surface earth d. The earth surface27.Numerous materials are available to _.a. today of designers c. todays of designersb. todays designers d. today designers28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Dont you know he is an old friend of _?a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brothers d. my brothers friend29._ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.a. This Johns old friend c. Thats Jahns old friendb. This old friend of John d. This old friend of Johns30._ is too much for a little boy to carry.a.A bikes weight c. The weight of a bikeb.The weights of a bike d. Biles weight31.Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday.a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were _ left.a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats33._ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail34.The Department purchased _ to improve the working conditions there.a. a new equipment c. new equipmentsb. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments35.The boy tried hard but there has been _ in his work.a. little improvement c. many improvementsb. a little improvement d. few improvements36.Todays modern TV cameras require _ light as compared with the earlier models.a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little37.No country can afford to neglect _.a. an education b. educations c. education d. the education38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of _.a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight39._ is only surpassed by that of monkeys and apes.a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogsb. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent40.All _ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.a. business student b. businesss students c. business students d. businesss student41._ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes callb. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call42.The _ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.a. publics chief concern c. chief public concernb. public chief concern d. chief concern of publics43._ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were44._ can get a better view of the game than the participants.a. Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who _ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.a. were b. have been c. was d. has been46.Our livestock _ not as numerous as they used to be.a. is b. are c. be d. been47.One of the most surprising things is that _ may come from petroleum.a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrows foodb. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrows food48.Scott is an orphan but he received _.a. very good education c. a very good educationb. very good educations d. many good educations49.After several days hardworking, we have made _ on the design.a. much improvement c. many improvementb. several improvements d. some improvement50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a _ yesterday.a. shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoess shop d. shoes51.Eggs, though nourishing, have _ of fat content.a. large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount52.He has done some _ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.a. research b. a research c. researches d. the researches53.Recently, he has lost all his _.a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at cardb. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards54.The countrys wealth comes chiefly from its many _.a. herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles55.In Britain the _ are all painted red.a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letterss box56.Ten years had passed. I found she had _.a. a little white hair c. a few white hairb. some white hair d. much white hair57.All his _ far from satisfactiona. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, _ was done.a. a few damages b. few damages c. little dam