英语基础语法.doc

英语基础语法定语从句有关定语从句的概念(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)(2) Ill never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)比较：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)习惯上要用that引导的定语从句(1)当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very 等修饰时。This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。(3)先行词包括人和物时(from )。They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如：Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子？Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁？习惯上不用that引导的定语从句(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。(2)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom, whose或which，且不能省略。The house in which we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。I know the young man with whom you live. 我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which, who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词。如：The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我认识和你住在一起的那个人。(3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone,people 等时，多用 who。如：None so blind as those who wont see. 睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人，他说认识你。He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (谚)欲加之罪,何患无辞。(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时(from )。I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 有位新校长明天来，他将教你们德语。修饰the way的定语从句the way后面的定语从句，关系词若在从句中作状语，相当于“用这种方式 / 方法(=in this way)”时，通常不用关系词，偶尔用that，在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。如：Do it the way you were taught. 要照教你的那样做。I was impressed by the way in which she did it. 她干成这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。注意：way 后不能用 how 引导定语从句，但也可以不用 way，而直接用 how 引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。如：Thats the way he did it.= Thats how he did it. 他就是这样做的。另外，当先行词way表示方向时，不用任何关系词。如：Was that the way she went? 她是往那个方向走的吗？关系代词whose用法说明whose用作疑问代词或连接代词时，用法比较单一，均表示“谁的”，一般不会出错，这里主要说说它用作关系代词的用法。1. whose用作关系代词时，它并不表示“谁的”，而是表示“的”，在具体语境需要灵活处理。如：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的人。The boys whose names were called stood up. 叫到名字的男孩们站了起来。You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是惟一可能使他听从劝告的人。2. 不要以为whose引导定语从句时，其先行词一定是指人的名词，其实也可以是指事物（包括动物）的名词。如：It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 这是一座岛，名字我忘了。Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation. 狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。3. 不仅可以引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如：My bitch, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites the judges at dog shows. 我的母狗脾气不稳定，常常在狗展上咬裁判。4. 引导定语从句的“whose+名词”，有时可换成其他结构，注意词序的变化。比较：破了窗户的那座房子是空的。正：The house whose windows are broken is empty.正：The house the windows of which are broken is empty.正：The house of which the windows are broken is empty.正：The house with broken windows is empty.限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句下面这道题是考查限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句? If a book is in English, _ may mean slow progress for you. A. thatB. whichC. asD. and it 此题应选 A。容易误选 B。许多考生一看到空格前的逗号，就想当然地认为这是非限制性定语从句，从而误选了B。考生可以想一想，假若此题选B(which)，which 用以引导一个非限制性定语从句，而其前又是一个以if 引导的条件状语从句，那么请问：此句的主句在哪里? 通过以上分析我们可以知道，既然本句前面有一个条件状语从句，那么后面一句就应该是主句。本题选that, 即为主句主语，全句意为：如果一本书是用英语写的，那么那就意味着你要读得慢些。注意：当从句位于主句之前时，千万不要在主句前误加并列连词或误认为是某种从句。请做以下单选题。如：1. When he was tired, _ he had a rest. A. andB. butC. soD. 2. Because he got up too late, _ he missed the train. A. soB. butC. andD. 3. Though he is poor, _ he is happy. A. andB. soC. butD. 5. As is known to us all, _ China was liberated in 1949. A. andB. butC. whichD. 答案：1. D 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. D如何快速区别非限制性定语从句与并列句如何快速区别非限制性定语从句与并列句？请看看下面这道题：He wrote a lot of novels, none of _ were popular. Its the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of _ was a success. A. these, themB. which, whichC. those, whichD. which, them此题应选 D。很容易误选A，B。选对该题的关键是：要注意前面一句的 none of.没有并列连词(说明它才是非限制性定语从句，所以其后填which)，而后面一句的none of.前有一并列连词but(说明它与前面一句构成并列句，所以其后填them)。请做以下类似题(注意and, but等的有无)。如：1. a. He has two sons,but neither of _ is clever. b. He has two sons, neither of_ is clever. A. them, them B. whom, whomC. them, whomD. whom, them2. a. Mr Smith made a lot of money, most of_ was spent helping the poor. b. Mr Smith made a lot of money, and most of_ was spent helping the poor. A. it, it B. which, which C. it, which D. which, it类似地，以下一题也与 but, and 这类词的有无相关：3. _many times, but he still couldnt remember. A. Having been toldB. Being toldC. Having toldD. He was told 答案：1. C 2. D 3. DIts time后接从句的几点用法说明先看一道试题：Its time the child _ to bed. A. goesB. goingC. wentD. to go此题应选C。关于Its timethat从句，注意以下几点：1. 从句谓语通常用过去时态或should动词原形：Its time we started. 我们该动身了。It is time that you left here. 你该离开这儿了。Its time you studied hard. 你该努力学习了。有时也用 should+动词原形或用过去进行时，有时甚至将 should 省略(即只用动词原形，为非正式的美国口语)：我们该走了。正：It is time we left. (常见)正：It is time we should leave. (可用)正：It is time we were leaving. (可用)正：It is time we leave. (少见，非正式美国口语)2. 其他几点注意处：()(1) 其中的 It is 有时根据情况也可改为 It was，其后的时态不受影响：你该上床睡觉了。正：It is time you went to bed. (指现在而言)正：It was time you went to bed. (指过去而言)(2) time 前可以用 high，about 等修饰。It is high timeyou told her the truth. 你该把真相告诉她了。It is about timethat I wrote her a letter. 我该给她写封信了。that与which的用法区别两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于：1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous. 水流湍急，使这条河很危险。He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like. 他得在星期天工作，他是不喜欢这样的。The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. 伦敦队上一个季度打得很好，这个季度却打得很差。2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能晚到，那样我们就要等等她。The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找到了。This morning some port wine came, for which I have to thank you. 今天早上送来一些波尔图葡萄酒，为此我得向你道谢。注：有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构：He had only the long nights in which he could study. =He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。He had a couple of revolvers with which he could defend himself.= He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他只有一两把手枪用来自卫。3. 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时，通常用that：All that she lacked was training. 她缺的只是训练。Have you everything that you need? 你需要的东西都有了吗?The sleeping mans subconscious mind retained everything that was said around him. 这位酣睡的人头脑的下意识能记住他周围的人说的话。She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents. 她父母不赞同的事她绝不会做。4. 当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that：This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。5. 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常用that：This is the best dictionary that Ive ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。6. 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that：China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。7. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。8. 当要避免重复时：Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程？most of them还是most of which请看看下面这道题，答案是 most of them 还是 most of which：The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ are beyond our control.A.most of themB.most of whichC. most of whatD. most of that 【分析】答案为B。由于两个句子之间没有并列连词and，故可排除 A 和 D；又因为 what 不能用于引导定语从句，所以 most of what 也可排除。此处的 most of which 相当于 and most of them，所以若在选项 A 的前加上 and，则也是对的。比较：Some managed to vote, but most of them didnt. 有些人设法投票了，但多数人都没有。The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。关系代词who与whom的用法区别两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who 为主格，whom为宾格：Wheres the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里？ The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代词 whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之：The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。 不过，在以下几种情况值得注意：1. 直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用 whom，而且不能省略：She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来，我以前都没见过。2. 引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时，who 和 whom均可用，但以用 whom 为佳，此时也不能省略：This is Jack, who whom you havent met before. 这是杰克，你以前没见过。that与who的用法区别1. 两者均可指人，有时可互换（包括当先行词为 all, anyone, someone等，同时也包括先行词受the only等的修饰时）： All that who heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。He is the only one among us that who knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。Anyone who that is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。It is impolite to turn your back on someone who that is speaking to you. 人家跟你说话，你把背朝人是不礼貌的。2. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 that：当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时：I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。当先行词是who时(为避免重复)：Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯？当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)：Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。3. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 who：()当先行词为 those 且指人时，英语习惯上要用 who 来引导定语从句。如：Those who do not wish to go need not go. 不愿去的人不需要去。Those who couldnt walk were carried on stretchers. 那些不能走的人都用担架抬着。It is said thatthose who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。Onlythose who had booked in advance were allowed in. 只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。The plan was supported by those who wished to listen to more good English. 这计划受到想多听好英语的人的支持。Let us spend a few moments in silence so that / in order that we rememberthose who died to preserve our freedom. 让我们默哀片刻，以缅怀那些为维护我们的自由而牺牲了的人们。注：偶尔也可见到在who 之后用 that 引导定语从句的用例，但相当少见。如：The danger is that people who pay their bills on time will be lumped in with those that dont. 危险的是那些及时付账的人将会同那些不及时付账的人混在一起。as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别这类定语从句只能由 which 或 as 引导。两者之间的区别在于：1. which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。如：David, as you know, is a photograopher. 戴维是个摄影师，你是知道的。(不可用which)Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which)2. as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。如：Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明迟到了，这件事使张先生非常生气。(不可用as)3. as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。如：He married her, which was unexpected. 他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。(不可用as)4. as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。5. as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。注：which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等。如：I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone you. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会给你打电话的。做定语从句试题的基本方法请看下面这道定语从句考题：In fact the man didnt understand the three questions _ were asked in French. A. whereB. whoC. in whichD. which此题应选 D。从句子成分看，修饰 questions 的定语从句缺主语，所以不能选 A(where)，C(in which)。又因为这里的先行词(questions)是指事不是指人，所以只能选D(which)不能选B(who)。考生在做定语从句试题时，大体上要分清以下几点：1. 是定语从句还是其他从句( 从句意和句法功能等方面去考虑)。2. 是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词和关系副词的选择主要看关系词在句中的句法功能。一般说来，关系代词(that，which，who，whom 等)主要用作主语和宾语；关系副词(when，where，why)主要用作状语；作定语时用whose。3. 受定语从句修饰的先行词是指人(who，whom，that) 还是指物(that，which)；是作主语(who，that，which)还是作宾语(which，whom，who)等。4. 关系代词可否省略(在通常情况下，只有限制性定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词才能省略)。5. 是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句 (关系代词that以及关系副词why等均不能引导非限制性定语从句)。6. 在“介词which”结构中，介词的正确选择(主要看相关名词和动词的习惯搭配)。定语从句的三个重要概念1. 定义：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。如：The man you talked about is our headmaster. 你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的单车。The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵叶子红色的树是去年栽的2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。如：The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。(现行词是名词) Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 任何愿意帮助他人的人都欢迎来参加我们的组织。(现行词是代词) His mother is out of danger, which excites their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴奋不已。(现行词是句子) 3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做关系词。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分关系代词和关系副词，其中关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又做从句中的某个句子成分。如：Lee is one of the students who are working very hard. 李是一个学习非常努力的学生。(引导词who) There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你的人。(引导词but) He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我们带到了我们以前从未去过的地方。 (引导词where) 谈that和which的用法区别在定语从句中，关系代词 which 和 that 都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意：只能用that而不能用which的情形(1) 当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none 及 some-, any-, no-, every- 与 thing 所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress. 没有事情会阻止我们进步。(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。如：This is the only problem that we cant work out. 这是我们不能解决的唯一的一个问题。(3) 当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书。(4) 当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。如：Luxun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. 人们认为我们所熟识的鲁迅及其作品都很伟大。(5) 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. 这就是那本自上周以来我一直在寻找的书。 (6) 当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用 that。如：Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? 你昨天画的那张画是哪一张？只能用which而不能用that的情形(1) 当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用 which。如： The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. 那个铅笔盒，我上周买的，现在不见了。(2) 关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. 我们过去常在下面休息的那棵树已砍掉了。 (3) 先行词为代词 that 或 that 所修饰时，只能用 which。如：I dont take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个。who (whom) 和that的用法区别详解在定语从句中，关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形(1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如：My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如：Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？(3) 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。如：Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用who (whom)。如：Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。(5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。(6) 在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who (whom)。如：There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我们班有些学生你见过。(7) 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that, 那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：The boy that you met just now is Li Mings brother who just graduated from a university. 刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形(1) 当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自山东。(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生(3) 当主句是以who开头的特