定语从句讲解.doc

定语从句(Attributive clause)定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面.定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 I关系词引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等(绝对没有what)；关系副词有where, when, why等。 who指人在定语从句中做主语. (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人. whom指人在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以，whom前可以加介词,如to whom，但是who不可以） (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom/who) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom/who)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. which指物 在定语从句中做主语,宾语，做宾语时可省略。(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔. that指人指物指人时相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中做主语,表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 每年来这座城市观光的游客数目上升了100万。 (2) Where is the book that/which I saw this morning? 今天早上我看见的那本书在哪里？ (3) It is no longer the small city that it used to be.whose通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，表所有。 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中. whose指物时通常以以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复。 The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (4) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?你喜欢颜色是黄色的书吗? Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? as通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做主语,宾语，做宾语时不可省略。(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) This is the same book as I lost last week. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) As is known to all, China is a developing country. when指时间修饰表时间的名词,在定语从句中做时间状语 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. where指地点修饰表地点的名词,在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. why指原因在修饰表原因的名词(reason),定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. II.介词和关系代词This is the house where I lived two years ago. =This is the house in which I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day when you joined our club? =Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. =This is the reason for which he came late. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which/whom即“介词+which/whom且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如： (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. that/which可以省略 = The school in which he once studied is very famous. which”不可省略 (2) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. = Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意： 1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (正确) This is the watch for which I am looking. (错误) 2. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词。 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. III.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，前后都需要用逗号隔开。 1.当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 The house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买了这个房子，它有个漂亮的花园。(The house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.我去年买的房子有个漂亮的花园。) This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。 2.非限制性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 We put off the examination, which is what we expect. 3.as与which的区别。(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，句中，句尾，而which这放在句尾。 (2） as 常翻译成“正如”。The earth, as you know, is round.IV限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little (that) I can do for you. 注意1）在定语从句中做宾语时候，that可以省略。 2）当先行词指人时，可以用who。 (5) Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 2、当先行词被序数词修饰 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have seen. 4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same, the last ,any, little等修饰时 (1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，也可以用who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？ 5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 Can you remember the scientist and his book that we have learned? 7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语 The village is no longer the one that