高考英语 通用题型考前指导与仿真模拟系列 专题04 阅读理解专题指导与仿真模拟1（教师版）.doc

2013届高考英语 通用题型考前指导与仿真模拟系列 专题04 阅读理解专题指导与仿真模拟1（教师版）一、题型概说（一）能力要求英语阅读理解旨在考察学生对语篇理解的能力。阅读理解一贯是高中英语教学的重中之重，也是高考试题中所占篇幅分值比例最大的一项。因此我们要特别的重视。全国及各地考试说明对阅读这一块都提出了明确的要求。总体要求是：要求我们读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志及各类媒体中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。具体要求是（2013普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）说明为例）：1.理解语篇主旨要义；2.理解文中具体信息；3.根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义；4.根据文中的事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理；5.理解文章的宏观结构和文脉逻辑关系；6.理解作者的观点、意图和态度；7.提炼文章提纲、概括主要内容、理解关键信息。（二）题型特点根据考试说明对我们阅读理解提出的能力要求，高考试题阅读理解也相应地围绕这一要求来命题。基本上可分为五类：1.细节理解题常见的题干有：when/where did the story happen?which of the following statements is (not) correct?which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?which is the right order of the events given in the passage? all the statements are true except.2.推理判断题常见的题干有：it can be inferred from the text that.we can conclude that.when the writer talks about., what he really means is that.which of the following can be inferred from the passage?3.主旨归纳题常见的题干有：标题类的题干：the best title/ headline for this passage might be.the text (passage) could be entitled.what is the best title for the passage? which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 大意类的题干：this passage chiefly deals with.whats the topic of the article?what is the subject discussed in the text?with what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?目的类的题干：the authors main purpose in writing the passage is.the passage is meant to. the purpose of this article is .4.词义猜测题常见的题干有：which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word“. ”？the word“. ”in the. paragraph, could best be replaced by.in the. paragraph, the word/sentence“. ”means (refers to).according to the passage, “. ” probably means.the author uses the word/sentence “. ” to mean.the underlined word it/they in paragraph .refers to.5.篇章结构题常见的题干有：how is the passage organized? which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage? what will the author most probably talk about next? the author develops the passage mainly by .the first paragraph serves as a(n). the example of is given to show/illustrate that .二、解题指导（一）突破重点难点 阅读理解，顾名思义一是阅读，二是理解。阅读是手段，理解是目的。因此高考阅读理解我们要解决的最根本的问题有两个：一是怎么阅读；二是如何理解。阅读是重点，理解则是难点。突破这些重点和难点，再辅助于恰当的解题方法，顺利解高考阅读理解题应该是水到渠成的事。 1.阅读方法的运用 根据不同目的，采用不同的阅读方法跳读。就是快速地、一步阅读法。实际上是有选择的阅读，即在文章中找到一个或关键几个词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。略读。所谓略读是指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。也就是泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。精读。所谓精读就是用最细致、最慢、最深层的方法阅读，目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。在应用这种阅读方法前，首先应用跳读法找到与问题有关联的地方，然后细读。有时候文中有直接回答，有时候回答分布在整篇短文中，需要我们找出，进行释义、归纳、概括等。此种阅读方法能回答需推断、归纳和演绎的题目。根据个人习惯，采用不同的阅读方法pqp：即先看文章，后看问题，再通过阅读文章来解答问题。这是我们常用的按部就班的阅读方式。其特点是有利于我们把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。但采用这种阅读方式的我们往往阅读速度较慢，因此难以在阅读时积极主动地预测文章内容。qpq：即先将问题看一遍，然后带着问题去阅读文章，最后答题。其特点是针对性强，节省答题时间，比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题，但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。pqp方式或qpq方式的采用因人而异，无优劣之分。当然，体裁不同，阅读的方法也应有所不同。比如：对于应用文诸如海报、广告、说明书以及新闻报道等文体的阅读也可以是先看问题然后带着问题直接从文中查找答案，这种方法似乎更加节约时间。 2.理解难点的突破无论采用什么样的阅读方法，其最终目的是为理解文章而服务的。一般来说，理解一篇文章，我们可以分三个层次来理解：句子层面的理解：既要理解句子的表层意思的理解，又要注意深层意义的挖掘；段落层面的理解：既要理解段落的中心意思，又要注意该段在篇章中的作用；篇章层面的理解：既要理解篇章的中心思想，又要注意篇章结构。重点要突破制约我们进行三个层面理解的两个难点：一是突破对关键词（语）的理解（参看专题四 猜测词义题）二是突破对长难句的理解在阅读理解中，我们会经常碰到许多结构复杂的句子，也就是所谓的长难句。命题者在句子理解难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来干扰我们正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查我们综合阅读能力的目的。长难句在阅读理解中容易给我们造成阅读障碍，形成一种心理压力，使我们失分。长难句基本特征有以下几个：含多重从句和修饰语的复合句；分隔结构和成分省略的干扰；正常语序的改变；当然还有被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现。长难句的理解技巧：一般说来，长难句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”，按“先干后枝”的原则处理，即按“主句从句修饰语”的顺序进行。具体方法如下： 辨别句型结构：通过语法分析，迅速弄清整个句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架，确定整个句子的句型：是简单句、并列句还是复合句；主干成分确定：找出句子的核心成分，确定主句的主语和谓语；从句功能分析：找出句中从句的引导词，分析从句类型(是否为定语从句、名词性从句或状语从句等)和从句之间及从句和主句之间的关系；短语功能分析：找出非谓语动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语、名词短语等短语，分析其功能以及它们与谓语动词/非谓语动词/从句/主句之间的关系等。例1：(2012湖南卷a篇) this christmas i was debating what to give my father. my dad is a hard person to buy for because he never wants anything. i pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom saying that we were leaving for christmas shopping for him when i came across a message on my phone that i had locked. the message was from my father. my eyes fell on a photo of a flower taken in wyoming. and underneath a poem by william blake. 56. the idea for a special gift began to form when the author was _.a. doing shopping b. having a debatec. reading a message d. leaving for wyoming例2：(2012浙江卷c篇) two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. in fact, according to an official report on youth violence, in our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence. given that this is the ease, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?54. the writers purpose for writing this article is to a. complain about problems in school education b. teach students different strategies for school lifec. advocate teaching conflict management in schoolsd. inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence（二）专题方法指导专题一 细节理解题细节理解是文章的有机组成部分，是作者表达中心思想的具体手段。因此有很多的题干是根据短文的细节而设计的。细节理解题可以分成三类：直接信息题、间接信息题以及综合信息题。1.直接信息题对于这种题型，我们可以直接从原文找到信息，而且选项和原文在语言表述上也没有大的变化或有时仅仅在表达方式上稍作转化。在解这类题时，大家可以先看后面的题目，然后带着问题去阅读短文，最后采用“对号入座”的办法，把原文信息跟后面的题目对照，即可得到答案。例：(2012大纲卷b篇原文第一、二段) you may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. you do not need to be strong. but you need to be quick. and you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind. first, you must ask yourself, “where is the wind coming from? is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side?” you must think about this all the time on the boat. the wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.45. what should you consider first while sailing?a. sailors strength.b. wave levels.c. wind directions.d. size of sails.2.间接信息题这类题目我们能够在文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是做题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理的加工处理，或根据信息作简单推理或鉴别。它是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。例：(2012大纲卷c篇原文第一段) facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. for example, in american culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. yet it also has other uses. a womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. a smile may show love or politeness. it can also hide true feelings. it often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. for example, many people in russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. yet many americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). some russians believe that americans smile in the wrong places; some americans believe that russians dont smile enough. in southeast asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.50. the author mentions the smile of the vietnamese to prove that smile can _ .a. show friendliness to strangersb. be used to hide true feelingsc. be used in the wrong placesd. show personal habits3.综合信息题这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时重要信息可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要求我们把原文所提供的信息综合起来解析，而不能断章取义，也不能张冠李戴。例：(2012山东卷a篇原文第二段和第五段)for thousands of years, polynesian people lived on the remote island of nauru, far from western civilization. the first european to arrive was john fearn in 1798. he was the british captain of the hunter, a whaling ship. he called the island pleasant island. .a phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground; it is a strip mine. when a company strip-mines, it removes the top layer of soil. then it takes away the material it wants. strip mining totally destroys the land. gradually, the lovely island of nauru started to look like the moon. 57. what was nauru like before the europeans came?a. rich and powerful b. modern and open c. peaceful and attractive d. greedy and aggressive专题二 推理判断题推理判断是一种创造性的思维活动，要求学生对文章的表面信息进行加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过解析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。其命题点十分丰富灵活，可以是文章的隐含意义、作者的态度、文章的写作目的、文章的出处、人物的性格特点等等。对于推理判断题，常见的解题方法有：1.根据不同文体，推断目的意图 通常不同的文体传递不同的信息：新闻报道主要告知读者某处所发生的某事，科普文章主要告诉读者某些科技成就，议论文主要是向读者说明某个道理或要读者接受某种观点，说明文往往是介绍某种产品的使用方法或某项技能的操作步骤，广告类的文章是要推销一种产品一种服务，而一些笑话、趣闻则是让读者消遣娱乐。高考阅读试题涉及到各种体裁的文章，而以议论文为主，文章的主题句、核心句往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度立场；阅读理解中也有说明文、描述文。前者因为其体裁的客观性，所以作者的态度也往往采取中立。而后者因为其文章观点往往不直接提出，而且作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性，所以，阅读时要善于根据体裁来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。2.根据用词风格，推断情感态度 在对作者的观点、态度进行推断时，要注意作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，还有描写环境氛围的词语等，从而推断出作者想要传递的真实感受，是支持、反对抑或中立？。对于选项而言，我们要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。如：表示褒义的词语：positive赞成的，supporting支持的，praising赞扬的，optimistic乐观的，admiring羡慕的，enthusiastic热情的等；表示中性的词语：uninterested无兴趣的，不感兴趣的；neutral中立的；impersonal不带个人感情的；subjective主观的；objective客观的等；表示贬义的词语：disgusted感到恶心的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative 否定的，反对的；suspicious怀疑的；tolerant容忍的，忍让的；worried 担忧的等。3.总结内容特点，推断材料出处 解答这类问题时，我们应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处。如果文章涉及到最新科技，那材料就有可能来自某科学学报或者书刊；如果材料来自报刊，往往会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；如果材料来自广告，则往往可直接从其格式上判断出；如为其它特殊文体，也可根据其形式来判断，例如书信、公告等等，都有其特定的结构。4.根据事实细节，推断隐含信息推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。例1：(2012大纲卷e篇)make up your mind to succeedkind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure. the generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyones a winner.” and their report cards sounded more positive (正面的) than ever before. as a result, stanford university professor carol dweck, phd, calls them “the overpraised generation.”dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years. her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. heres how they work:a fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent (才能) is genetic youre a born artist, point guard, or numbers person. the fixed mind-set believes its sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. when things get difficult, its quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.on the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent and that effort and learning make everything possible. because the ego (自尊) isnt on the line as much, the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame. when faced with a difficulty, its quick to rethink, change and try again. in fact, it enjoys this experience.we are all born with growth mind-sets. (otherwise, we wouldnt be able to live in the world.) but parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets by encouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise. dwecks book, mind-set: the new psychology of success, and online instructional program explain this in depth. but she says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.57. what does the author think about the present generation?a. they dont do well at school.b. they are often misunderstood.c. they are eager to win in sports.d. they are given too much praise.【答案】d58. a fixed mind-set person is probably one who _ .a. doesnt want to work hardb. cares a lot about personal safetyc. cannot share his ideas with othersd. can succeed with the help of teachers【解析】根据文章第三段中的“the fixed mind-set believes its sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. when things get difficult, its quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.（有固定心态的人认为成功不需很大的努力，认为失败是个人的耻辱。遇到困难时，找借口或者撒谎甚至逃避困难）”可推知：有固定心态的人也许就是不想努力的人。【答案】a59. what does the growth mind-set believe?a. admitting failure is shameful.b. talent comes with ones birth.c. scores should be highly valued.d. getting over difficulties is enjoyable.60. what should parents do for their children based on dwecks study?a. encourage them to learn from failures.b. prevent them from making mistakes.c. guide them in doing little things.d. help them grow with praise.【解析】根据文章最后一句“but she says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.（但是她说：你从现在就可以做许多小事情以确保你的孩子、孙子永不会被失败打倒）”可推知：要鼓励孩子向失败学习，从中吸取教训，那么孩子就永远不会为失败所击败。【答案】a例2：(2012福建卷b篇)at exactly eleven sir percival knocked and entered, with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. this meeting would decide his future life, and he obviously knew it.“you may wonder, sir percival, said laura calmly, if i am going to ask to be released (免除）from ray promise to marry you. i am not going to ask this. i respect my fathers wishes too much. ” his face relaxed a little, but one of his feet kept beating the carpet.“no, if we are going to withdraw.(退出）from our planned marriage, it will be because of your wish, not mine. ”mine?” he said in great surprise. ”what reason could i have for withdrawing?”a reason that is very hard to tell you,” she answered. there is a change in me. ” his face went so pale that even his lips lost their color. he turned his head to one side. “what change? he asked, trying to appear calm. when the promise was made two years ago, she said, “ my love did not belong to anyone. will you forgive me, sir percival, if i tell you that it now belongs to another person?“i wish you to understand, laura continued, “that i will never see this person again, and that if you leave me, you only allow me to remain a single woman for the rest of my life. all i ask is that you forgive me and keep my secret.”“i will do both those things, he said. then he looked at laura, as if he was waiting to hear more. i think i have said enough to give you reason to withdraw from our marriage,，she added quietly. no. you have said enough to make it the dearest wish of my life to marry you, ” he said.60. how did percival feel during his meeting with laura?a. angry. b. calm. c. nervous. d. excited. 61. we can learn from the passage that _.a. laura had once promised to marry percivalb. lauras father wished to end her marriagec. percival had been married to laura for two yearsd. percival asked to be released from the marriage例2：(2012浙江卷d 篇)as a young boy, i sometimes traveled the country roads with my dad. he was a rural mail carrier, and on saturdays he would ask me to go with him. driving through the countryside was always an adventure: there were animals to see, people to visit, and chocolate cookies if you knew where to stop, and dad did. in the spring, dad delivered boxes full of baby chickens, and when i was a boy it was such fun to stick your fingers through one of the holes of the boxes and let the baby birds peck on your fingers. on dads final day of work, it took him well into the evening to complete his rounds because at least one member from each fatuity was waiting at their mailbox to thank him for his friendship and his years of service. two hundred and nineteen mailboxes on my route, he used to say, and a story at every one. one lady had no mailbox, so dad took the mail in to her every day because she was nearly blind. once inside, he read her mail and helped her pay her bills. mailboxes were sometimes used for things other than mail. one note left in a mailbox read, nat, take these eggs to marian; shes baking a cake and doesnt have any eggs. mailboxes might he buried in the snow, or broken, or lying on the ground, but the mail was always delivered. on cold days dad might find one of his customers waiting for him with a cup of hot chocolate. a young girl wrote letters but had no stamps, so she left a few buttons on the envelope in the mailbox; dad paid for the stamps. one businessman used to leave large amounts of cash in his mailbox for dad to take to the bank. once, the amount came to $ 32,000. a dozen years ago, when i traveled back to my hometown on the sad occasion of dads death, the mailboxes along the way reminded me of some of his stories. i thought i knew them all, but that wasnt the ease. as i drove home, i noticed two lamp poles, one on each side of the street. when my dad was around, those poles supported wooden boxes about four feet off the ground. one box was painted green, and the other was red, and each had a long narrow hole at the top with white lettering: santa claus, north pole. for years children had dropped letters to santa through those holes. i made a turn at the comer and drove past the post office and across the railroad tracks to our house. mom and i were sitting at the kitchen table when i heard footsteps. there, at the door, stood frank townsend, dads postmaster and great friend for many years. so we all sat down at the table and began to tell stories. at one point frank looked at me with tears in his eyes. what are we going to do about the letters this christmas? he asked. the letters? i guess you never knew. knew what? remember, when you were a kid and you used to put your letters to santa in those green and red boxes on main street? it was your dad who answered all those letters every year. i just sat there with tears in my eyes. it wasnt hard for me to imagine dad sitting at the old oak table in ourbasement reading thos