lecture 4 verbs and Passive Voice.doc

Lecture 4 Verb and Verb Phrase & Passive Voice4.1 Classification of verbsl 主动词/实义动词&助动词 main / notional verbs & auxiliaries （主动词在动词词组中作中心词，助动词协助主动词表示不同的语法意义和情态意义。）助动词又可分为：基本助动词primary auxiliaries: be, do, have 情态助动词modal auxiliaries: can / could, may / might will / would, shall / should must, ought to dare, need, used to 半助动词semi-auxiliaries: have to, seem to l 及物动词，不及物动词&连系动词 transitive, intransitive & linking verbsl 动态动词&静态动词dynamic & stative verbs eg. (a) drink, eat, fly; arrive, become, reach; hit, jump, knock (b) be, have; belong to, cost, lack; feel, hear, smell; believe, regret, hopel 单词动词&词组动词single-word & phrasal verbseg. look & look after l 规则动词&不规则动词regular & irregular verbseg. stop-stopped & build-built l 限定动词&非限定动词finite & non-finite verbseg. walk(s), walked; (to) walk, walking, walked4.2 动词的时，体，态，式概述Tense, aspect, voice & moodl Tense & aspectTense: 现在时（present tense）& 过去时（past tense）Aspect: 进行体（progressive aspect）& 完成体（perfective aspect）这样，英语中动词便有8种时，体形式： simple present, simple past, present progressive, past progressive, present perfective, past perfective, present perfective progressive, past perfective progressivel Voice 态/语态主动态(active voice) & 被动态(passive voice)l Mood 式/语气陈述式(Indicative mood)，祈使式(Imperative mood)&虚拟式(Subjunctive mood)4.3 被动态Passive Voice4.3.1 主动句与被动句的转换(1) They punished the criminal.(2) They should do the work at once.(3) Father gave me a watch.(4) They elected Tom monitor of the class.(5) Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.(6) The picture was painted by a very good friend of mine whom Id like you to meet sometime.(7) 主动句与被动句转换的限制(1) 一些类似于have（作“有”解）的静态动词：remain, fit, lack, hold, become, suit, hold, resemble, take after, consist of, cost, belong toeg. This plane holds about 150 people. She resembles her sister in appearance but not in character. The color of the dress doesnt suit her.(2) He hurt himself when he fell from the ladder. We should help each other.(3) 同源宾语eg. He lived a miserable life in London.(4) 宾语是body的一部分eg. They shake hands when they met each other.(5) 宾语it是虚指eg. Youll make it! Lets make it tomorrow morning.(6)宾语是to do / doingeg. I like to play football in spare time.4.3.2 词组动词的被动态(1) v. + prep.eg. The children are well looked after. Other possibilities were talked about at the meeting.(2) v. + adv. eg. When was the hospital set up? The sports meeting is to be put off.(3) v.+ adv. + prep.eg. Such a state of things cannot be put up with. That sort of thing should be done away with.(4) v. + n. + prep.eg. He took great care of his books. His books were taken great care of. Great care was taken of his books. They had made a mess of the house.l 类似的词组还有 lay emphasis on, make no mention of, take note of, pay attention to, take advantage ofl 有些动词词组本身的动宾搭配非常紧凑，则不能转换为第二种被动态。如：put an end to, make fun of, lose track of, make use of, keep an eye on, give way toExercise for 4.3.2Put into the passive, using two forms when possible:1.They have turned down my application.2. The studio will blow up your photographs well.3. She is facing up to (勇敢面对) the responsibilities badly.4. Her story didnt take them in.5. Have you looked into this matter?6. You must lay special emphasis on the choice of words.7. The governor made an example of these prisoners.8. Brown makes rather too much of() the final examination.9. Mary realized that they were making fun of her.10. They lost track of the plane about an hour out from Guangzhou Airport.11. We must take full advantage of the excellent situation both at home and abroad.12. Fog held up the train. 4.3.3 非限定动词(to do, doing)的被动态(1) allow, encourage + o. + to do v. + o. + to be done(2) ask, wish + (o.) + to dov. + (o.) + to be done(3) hope, refuse + to dov. + to be done(4) enjoy, anticipate + doingv. + being done(5) begin, forget + to do / doingv. + to be done / being done1. I began _ (educate) when I was six.2. I agree _ (send) on this trip.3. Try not to think about _ (examine).4. I wouldnt object to _ (ask) some questions.5. They allowed him _ (admit).6. I refused _ (photograph).7. I insist on them _ (punish).8. They enjoy _ (consult).4.3.4 两种被动句型的转换 在英语中，有一种主动句可以转换为两种被动句型。 People believe that he is ill. It is believed that he is ill. () He is believed to be ill. ()l 适用于主动词通常表示“估计”“相信”等的动词：assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, think, understand, suppose, discover, claim, declare, rumor, hear, consider, calculate, find, show, estimatel 要求可以互相转换。eg. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. () It is expected that he will come. ()l 转换时，被动句型中的to do形式取决于被动句型中that-分句的动词形式：(1) 表示将来的三种形式 be doing / will / will be doing to be doingeg. It is thought that he is coming. It is thought that he will come. It is thought that he will be coming. He is thought to be coming.l expect例外 It is expected that he will come. He is expected to come.(2) 一般现在时 to doeg. It is thought that he drives badly. He is thought to drive badly.(3) 现在进行体 to be doing eg. It is believed that he is working hard. He is believed to be working hard.(4) 一般过去时 / 现在完成体 to have done eg. It is believed that he came. It is believed that he has come. He is believed to have come.(5) 过去完成体have been doing/ was doing/ were doing to have been doingeg. It is reported that he was driving carelessly. He is reported to have been driving carelessly.Exercise for 4.3.4Rewrite the following sentences using “pattern ” and “pattern ”:1. People expect that electricity supply will be adequate next year.2. There is a report that unidentified flying objects were seen over New York last night.3. People know him to be a good teacher.4. People suppose that he is in Paris.5. We understand that she was the best singer that China has ever produced.4.3.5 被动结构和被动意义l 英汉被动意义表示法比较(1) 据说，据估计，据报道，众所周知，必须指出eg. It is known to all that these islands have always been under Chinese jurisdiction(管辖). It must be pointed out that China is a developing country and will always take sides with the Third World. The losses caused by the flood are estimated to have exceeded $5,000,000,000.(2) 汉语有一种不出现主语的句子，英语通常用被动表达。eg. 城里又办起了一所大学。 Another university has been founded in this city. 昨天抓到了一个特务。 A spy was caught yesterday.(3) 汉语有一些用主动表示被动的句子，英语中也类似：eg.铁路在这里分为两条线路。 The railway divides here into two lines. 这种料子容易销售。 This kind of material sells well. 你的来信已经收到。 Your letter has been received.l