语法概述.doc

语法概述构成句子的成分主、谓、宾、表. 定、状、补.同位语.插入语一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。名词、代词、数词、主语从句、介词、V-ing 、To do、 The+adj1名 词：Success is the result of good judgment. Life lights the candle of hope.2代 词：We live and learn. I doubt, therefore I think. I think, therefore I am.3数 词：Two in distress makes the sorrow less.4主语从句：How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate was. What is worth doing is worth doing well.5介词短语：From words to deeds is a great space.6V-ing:Losing can be a real beginning. Believing in yourself is the secret of success.7.To do:To light the candle of heart is better than to curse the darkness of the outside world. To know is wisdom and to do is a skill.8.The+adj:The selfless can be fearless. The ignorant can be fearless. The shameless can be fearless.二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。表状态、表动作、表拥有、情态动词动词原形表状态：Life is full of ups and downs. Life is hope and hope is life.表动作：Many hands make light work. I came I saw I conquered.表拥有：人或物时用：have has 无生命的东西：there be情态动词动词原形：You cant control your life, but you can control your attitude towards life.三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。名词、代词、数词、复合结构、句子、V-ing 、To do、 The+adj1.名词作宾语：Reading enriches our mind.2.代词作宾语：God help those who help themselves.3.数词作宾语：One plus one makes two.4.复合结构：If you lack confidence you will find it hard to win.5.宾从句作宾语：Change what you cant bear; bear what you cant change.6.To do:Winners expect to win in advance.7.V-ing:Reading is like opening a window to the outside world.8.The+adj: We should help the poor and weak.四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、V-ing 、To do、 V-ed、 从句1.名 词：Life is struggle2.代 词：The master of your life is yourself.3.数 词：Two plus two is four.4.形容词：Life is short and art is long.5.副 词：She is out.6.介词短语:Im under the weather today.7.从 句：The real measure of success is how happy we are.8.V-ing:Courage is doing what others think you cant do.9.To do:What we should do is to take feasible measures.10.V-ed:He is excited. 五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“.的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、介词短语、定语从句、V-ing 、V-ed 、To do1.形容词：A warm smile is the universal language. Information available2.代 词：Every dog has his day.3.数 词：Two heads are better than one.4.名 词：名词作定语（名词修饰名词重要原则：第一个名词用单数）1Informationtechnology2Informationcenter3Creditcard4Generationgap5Beautycontest6Communicationskills7Informationage8Knowledgeeconomy9Peacetalks10Serviceindustry11Waterscarcity12Survivalskills13Pressconference14Safetystandard15Lifeinsurance16Weatherforecast17Receptiondesk18Coffeebreak19Bodyguard20Heartattack5.名词所有格：Apositive attitude is a persons passport to the bright future.1Adams apple2Devils advocate3Pandoras box4In ones minds eye5Old waves tale6At a snails pace7The lions share8For Gods sake9Dogs life10Childs play6.V-ing :Failure isalearning experience.7.To do:There is no time to lose.8.V-ed:fallen leaves boiled water.9.介词短语：A friend in need is a friend indeed.10.定语从句：That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。副词、介词短语、形容词、名词、独立主格、状语从句、状语从句省略结构、To do V-ing V-ed 1.副 词Furthermore, studying abroad can render students a good opportunity to experience a totally different culture.2.介词短语Along the road to success, there are many failures.3.形容词He came back, tired.4.名 词Yesterday, I met him.5.独立主格Life being hard ,struggle is the only way out.6.状语从句If you can dream it, you can do it.7.状语从句省略结构If possible, I will go with Tom.8.To doTo leap higher, we must draw back further.9.V-ingLife is just like a brook, flowing away and never turning back.10.V-edUnited we stand; divided we fall.七、补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的性质或状态）、宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的性质或状态）主语补足语：形容词、名词、数词、介词短语、To do V-ing As + n V-ed1.形容词：He died young.2.名 词：He is called Tom.3.数 词：Tom 16 is a troublemaker.4.介词短语：He came back, out of humor.5.To do:He was seen to go upstairs.6.V-ing:Sheisoftenheardsinginginthemorning.7.V-ed:He came back, quite changed.8.As + n:Be accepted/treated/taken/described/used/considered/known/looked upon/recognized/regarded as+n八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B 称之为同位语。名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语、从句、To do V-ing1.名 词：We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow.2.代 词：She herself said: “time works wonder.”3.数 词：We two like the saying: money talks.4.形容词：All countries, big or small, should be treated equal.5.介词短语of 结构：The city of Rome wasnt built in a day.6.从 句：The fact that you have tried your best is in itself a big victory.7.To do:His belief, to seize today and to begin now, is quite great.8.V-ing:His proposal doing what you like and liking what you do is reasonable.九、插入语插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其他成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。1. 插入语常以副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。(1)常见的副词及短语： indeed， surely， however， obviously， frankly， naturally， luckily / happily for sb, Certainly generally roughly, precisely, exactly, strictly, theoretically(2)常见的形容词及短语： funny， needless to say （不用说）， most important of all 等。(3)常见的介词短语： by the way， in a few words / in sum / in short （简而言之）， in other words， in general， in ones opinion / judgment （按照某人的意见）， in fact， in the first place， of course， to ones knowledge / surprise / regret /satisfaction / mind / joy / disappointment 等。(4)常见的doing短语： strictly / generally / honestly / personally / exactly / physically / speaking （严格地 / 一般地 / 坦诚地等）说； Judging from / by （根据判断）等。(5)常见的动词不定式短语： to be sure （无疑地）， to sum up （概括地说）， to tell the truth， to be honest， to be short， to conclude， to put it briefly， to put it in another way， to begin （ start ） with 等。2. 插入句为简短的、具有完整意义的句子。常见的插入句如下： I think / hope / guess / know / believe / suppose， I