Unit 1 名词 冠词.doc

Unit 1 名词 冠词名词，用来表示人或事物，动物，能做为主语，补语，宾语。其中可计数的，称为可数名词；不可计数的，称为不可数名词1 名词的种类普通名词：表示具有一定形状的个体，为可数名词，有单数复数之分例：book pencil dog spaceship等集合名词：表示一个单位的群体或者表示被视做整体的人，事物的集合体。例：class(班级；班上的同学) family(家庭；家人) audience(观众) My family large.My family all early risers.专有名词：如人名地名等，用来表示其一特定的名称，无冠词，第一个字母须大写例：Bob Smith April London等注：下列专有名词需要加上定冠词the 例the United States the United Nations the Peoples Republic of China物质名词：表示不具有一定形状的物质名词，如材料，食物，气体，液体等。一律用单数，但前面不加a 或an 例：glass wood paper butter fruit meat sugar water等物质名词在计算数量时，用容器或度量衡的单位来表示，即：数字+容器（度量衡）+of+物质名词例：a loaf of bread 一条面包a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡a sheet of paper 一张纸a spoonful of sugar一匙糖抽象名词：表示观念，性质，动作，过程，状态等。原则上与数无关。前面不加an或a ,没有复数形式。例：beauty honesty love patience happiness music等。名词的数, 表示人或事物的名词中，有一些是可以计数的。个数只有一个时，称之为单数；个数为两个或两个以上时，称之为复数。规则变化的复数名词名词字尾加S 大部分名词Dogdogs bookbooks girlgirls名词字尾为s, sh ,ch, x, o后加esClass-classes busbuses dishdishes benchbenches boxboxes 注意：名词字尾为辅音+O时，复数名词加es，如tomatoes ,potatoes, heroes .但有例外，如photos ,pianos名词字尾为辅音+y时，去y+ies Babybabies storystories citycities ladyladies 名词字尾为f 或fe时，去f 或fe +ves Leafleaves wifewives knifeknives thiefthieves wolfwolves注意：handkerchiefs(手帕) chiefs（领袖） roofs(屋顶) beliefs(信仰)不规则变化的复数名词名词字尾加en,ren 例：oxoxen（公牛） childchildren(小孩)改变母音 例：manmen(男人) woman-women(女人)Goosegeese(鹅) toothteeth(牙齿) mousemice(老鼠)单复数同形 例：fishfish deer-deer sheep-sheep ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanese 集体名词：以单数形式出现，但实为复数，例：people police cattle *以S结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：A. maths, politics, physics 等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数B. news 为不可数名词C. the United States, the United Nations 应视为单数 名词的所有格名词所有格的形式单数名词： 名词s 例：the boys schoolbag Joans dress 复数名词： 名词s 例：a girls school these students teacher 字尾非S 的复数名词： 名词s 例：Childrens playground womens activities *特别注意的所有格用法共同所有格及个别所有格共同所有格 ：名词+名词+.+名词s个别所有格：名词s+名词s+.+名词s 1. Harry and Bills father is a scientist.2. Harrys and Bills fathers are scientist.3. （无）生物所有格：A的B ：B of A桌子的脚 车门 女孩的名字*所有格之后的名词，如在句中非常容易理解时，可以省略例：1.Shes going to the dentists.2. I met him at barbers.冠词, 冠词可分为不定冠词a(an)及定冠词the,它通常放在名词之前，用来修饰名词a (an) 的用法 an + 母音开头的单数名词 a +辅音开头的单数名词例：a book a girl a young man an apple an umbrella an old woman ；the 的用法1)上文提到过的人或事，例如：he bought a house. Ive been to the house.2)指世上独一无二的事物，如the sun, the sky ,the moon ,the earth等3）The rich are not always happy.注意：the + 形容词泛指某一类人，代表复数4）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称，机关团体，阶级等专有名词前，如the Peoples Republic of China the United States5)用在表示乐器的名称之前。 例：She plays the piano.6)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人，如the Greens比较：不定冠词（a an）定冠词（the）表示不特定之事物表示特定之事物只能接可数名词可接可数名词及不可数名词只能用于单数可用于单数及复数 Unit 2 be 动词，一般动词的现在式Be 动词的含意：a.是（表状态） 例：we are happy . b.在（表存在） 例：she is in America.主语+be动词主语be 动词例句第一人称 第二人称第三人称，单数名词Be 动词的否定句含有be 动词（am ,are ,is）的肯定句变为否定句时，在be动词之后加not即可。肯定句：主语+ am (are, is ).否定句：主语+am (are, is )+ not.He is a good baseball player.否定句：Be 动词的疑问句含有be 动词(am ,are ,is )的肯定句变为疑问句时，将be动词拿到主语前，句尾加（？）即可。肯定句：主语+ am (are ,is).疑问句：am (are ,is)+主语.？That is his camera. 否定句：The girl is a junior high school student.否定句：*注：Be 动词开头的疑问句，可用yes 或no 回答，而答句中的主语，须用代句词。例：Is that man your math teacher? 答句：Are you eating your lunch?答句：一般动词的含义：举凡日常生活中具体的动作，（如：吃饭，走路）及抽象的动作（如：喜欢，思考等）皆为一般动词。主语+一般动词现在式的句子中，主语为第三人称单数时，一般动词须加s 或 es.人称 数单数复数第一人称 I like dogs. We like dogs.第二人称You like dogs.You like dogs.第三人称He likes dogs.They like dogs.一般动词加s 或es 的方法大部分动词加s 例： works plays一般动词字尾为o, s, sh, ch时，加es 例：goes washes watches一般动词字尾为辅音加y时，须去y再加ies. 例：cry 变成cries study 变成studies Have 和 has Have (有；吃)的单数动词为has 1. They have a lot of money.2. He has a lot of money.一般动词的否定句：含有一般动词的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not,必须使用助动词do 或does.而do 或does 之后必定出现原形动词。Do 与 does的用法肯定句：主语+一般动词否定句：主语+do/ does + not +原形动词例：1. the twin brothers go to school by bus.否定句：2Sam has dinner at the restaurant .否定句：一般动词的疑问句：含有一般动词的肯定句变为疑问句时，不可将一般动词拿到主语前，必须使用助动词do 或does,而do 或does 之后，必须出现原形动词。肯定句：主语+一般动词疑问句：do/ does + 主语 + 原形动词？You visit your grandmother on Sundays. 疑问句：He comes from England.疑问句：注：助动词do 或 does 开头的疑问句，yes 或 no 之后，也须用 do 或 does 做简答问句：do/ does + 主语+ 原形动词答句: yes, 主语 + do /does No, 主语 + dont /doesnt .例：Does the little boy go the school?答句：Yes, he does., No, he doesnt. Unit 3 Be动词，一般动词的过去式Be 动词的过去式： was 和 were 过去式be 动词表示过去时间发生的状态1 He is busy now.过去式：2 My parents are at home now.过去式：注意：时间副词改变，动词也必须改变Be 动词（过去式）的否定句：含有be 动词（was ,were）的肯定句变为否定句时，在be动词之后加not即可肯定句：主语+ was (were)否定句：主语+ was (were) + not 例：1. Mr. Brown was a vet. 否定句：2 Joe and Brian were in the living room at that time.否定句：Be 动词（过去式）的疑问句：含有be 动词（was were）的肯定句变为疑问句时，将be 动词提到主语前，句尾加问号即可。肯定句：主语+ was (were).疑问句： was (were)+主语.?例：Wendy was in the seventh grade last year .疑问句：Be 动词开头的疑问句，可用yes或no回答，而答句中的主语用代句词。问句：was (were) + 主语？答句：yes, 主语 + was (were) No, 主语+ was (were) + not 例：Were you a pianist ?答句:一般动词的过去式：一般动词的过去式，分为规则变化及不规则变化。1 规则变化：ed 原形动词+ed : helphelped spellspelled wantwanted 原形动词字尾有e + d : love loved dancedanced 原形动词为辅音+短母音+辅音重复字尾+ed : stopstopped planplanned 原形动词字尾辅音+y -去y +ied :trytried crycried 2 不规则变化Eat read ride come are become begin Go have/has see teach bring buy catchGive take do grow hear know makePut run say sit stand teach tellWrite例：1. I walk to school every day.过去式：2 Mother goes to a supermarket every morning.过去式：注意：主语为第三人称单数时，过去式动词不须加s.一般动词（过去式）的否定句：含有一般动词（过去式）的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not,必须使用过去式助动词did(不分人称)。而did之后，必须出现原形动词。肯定句：主语+一般动词（过去式）.否定句：主语+did not +原形动词.例 He called you last night.否定句:My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday.否定句：一般动词（过去式）的疑问句：含有一般动词（过去式）的肯定句变为疑问句时，不可将一般动词拿到主语前，必须使用过去式助动词did.而did 之后，必定出现原形动词。肯定句：主语+一般动词（过去式）疑问句：did +主语+原形动词？1His friends went to that movie last week. 疑问句：3 Grace Wrote a letter to David .疑问句：Unit 4 代名词单数复数主格所有格宾格主格所有格宾格第一人称第二人称第三人称注：第一人称：说话者；第二人称：听话者；第三人称：第一人称和第二人称话题中提到者主格，所有格，宾格的用法主格+动词所有格+名词一般动词+宾格/介系词+宾格 It 的用法It 可表示天气，时间，距离例：It rains a lot in Taizhou in spring.It was two oclock when he came back home.It is five kilometers from here to the airport.It 表示某一情况：此时多半是说话的人及听话的人都能了解的特定状况。例：1. A: who knocked at the door?B: I thought it was Jack.2. Its all up to you.3. I like it here.4. I dont feel like it.It 可以当假主语：代替一件事情例: 1. It is difficult to learn Spanish.2. Its important that you should tell the truth.3.Its no use telling him about it .(告诉他这件事是没用的)物主代词单数复数所有格所有代名词所有格所有代名词第一人称第二人称第三人称所有代名词的用法：所有代名词=所有格+名词例：1. your house is bigger than mine.2. My bicycles are here and his are there.注：所有代句词所代替的名词，要与前者提到的名词单复数相同。伴随双重所有格：冠词，所有格，指示形容词，不定形容词，不可同时放在名词前例 :我在回家的路上遇到一位老朋友。 I met on my way home. I met on the way home.名词的所有代名词=所有格（=Jasons dog）例 My Dog is black ,and Jasons is white.反身代词第一， 二人称：所有格+self(单数) 或 所有格+selves(复数)第三人称：宾格+self(单数) 或 宾格+selves(复数)单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称反身代句词的用法：例 1. You always talk to 2. The little girl hurt 3. He can do it by .4. I saw the singer We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服注：反身代词本身不能单独作主语。（错） Myself drove the car.（对） I myself drove the car.我自己开车。指示代名词：用来指示人或事物的代名词，称之为指示代句词：this(these)/that(those)一般用法：用于人或事物，离说话者距离近者用this(these),距离远者用that(those)例：1. This is my mask, and that is Marys. 2Whos this?3. whos that on the telephone?4. Things are easier these days.代替用法:代替己经叙述过的字。代替单数名词用that ;代替复数名词用those,但this(these)无此用法例：1.The weather in Wuhan is hotter than the weather in Taizhou.=The weather in Wuhan is hotter than that in Taizhou.2. Her interests are different from the interests of her childhood.=So 作为动词的宾语或补语，指前面出现过的字或句子。例 1. A: Will it be fine tomorrow. B: I hope so.2. Do you still feel sick? If so, you must see the doctor.3 Nancy can play the violin, and so can I.注：She is smart. So is he. She is smart. So she is.Such 有那样的事物或人的意思，可当代名词，形容词，也可用于单复数。例 1. They will plant flowers such as roses, sunflowers. 2. I dont know such a man. 3. Have you tasted any such food before?注意：such 前可接all ,other ,another ,any ,few ,every, no等Same 一般都加the ,表示相同的事物。例：1. A: Can I have a cup of coffee, please? B: Give me the same, please.2. He uses the same typewriter as I do. 不定代名词：表示不特定的人或物，或者是表示非一定数量的代名词，称作不定代名词，有时也具有形容词的用法例：1. Some of the boys like English.2. Some boys like English.One /ones : one 等于a/an +单数名词，用来指不特定的人或物。如果不特定的人或物是多数时，则用ones.例：1. I have lost my watch and I have to buy one.2. I like small cars better than large ones.注意： one = a / an +单数名词 it = the +单数名词例 1. Here are some apples. Take . 2. I bought a good Camera. Ill lend to you Both/all :both(两者都)，用于两个人或两个东西，常用作复数。All (全部，所有的)可用于人和事物。代表可数名词时，总数为三个以上，也可以代表不可数名词。位置：be 动词或助动词之后，一般动词之前，定冠词，所有格，数词，形容词之前。例：1. Both of her children went to New York.2. Ive read 这两份报纸。3. All of my money stolen,注意：both ,all 出现于否定句，表示部分否定。例 1. I do not know both of her parents. 2. Not all of them come from England Either /neither :either指两者中不论哪一个都可以但只选其中一个之意，neither为both的否定。表两者都不，意指全部否定，本身为否定词，不可和not 同时出现。例 1.Do you know either of the visitors? 2. I dont like both hats / I like neither of the hats * Either ,neither也有副词用法。Bill didnt come to my party, and ken didnt, either. and neither did Ken.Some /any 一般而言，some 用于肯定句，any 用于否定句，疑问句及条件句，可代替可数名词及不可数名词例：.Some of the boys were late.2. Some of my money was stolen from my purse.,3. Please lend me some money if you have any.4. Do you have any magazines to read?Other / another :other表其它人或事物的意思，其复数为othersAnother:从an+other衍生而来，表示不特定的”另一个别的人或事物“无复数形式。例. I have two students. is short; is tall.例. I have three flowers. is red; are yellow.例. I have three flowers. is red; is yellow; is pink.区别：I dont like this one ;show me another. I dont like this one; show me the other.例4. Some of the boys are here, but where are the others?5. Some people said yes and others said no.其它：none.等None :可表示人或事物，可用于可数名词及不可数名词Several:表示数个物或数个人，只用于可数名词的复数Most:表示大部分人或事物，可用于可数名词的复数或不可数名词，通常前面不加冠词the 1. None of the telephones is working 2. Several of my friends attended the meeting.3. Most of it is true.4. Most of the people know it. 注：most可当形容词，为many ,much的最高级，前面可加冠词the 例. Who got the most New Years cards?例. She is the most beautiful girl that Ive ever seen.Unit 5 时态现代简单式动词形式：be 动词：am /are /is 一般动词：主语为第三人称单数，一般动词加时间副词：now ,every+时间（每天）使用时机：表示现在的状态或动作例. There are many visitors in zoo.2. Here comes the bus.表示现在的习惯性的动作例. David often sleeps during class.2. My parents take exercise in the park every morning.表示不变的事实真理例. The earth moves around the sun.过去简单式动词形式：be 动词：was / were 一般动词：过去式动词，分为规则变化及不规则变化。时间副词：yesterdayyesterday morning the day before yesterday Last+时间：last week last night last year 时间ago: two hours ago five days ago before then (=at that time)使用时机：表示过去的动作或状态1. I bought this yesterday.2. There was an old temple over there.表示过去习惯的动作y father used to smoke ,but now he doesnt .现在进行式动词形式：be动词(am are is )+VingVing的形成：原形动词ing (大部分动词)例：talktalking saysaying speakspeaking 原形动词字尾有e时，去e+ ing 例: havehaving writewriting comecoming原形动词为辅音短母音辅音时，重复字尾ing 例 putputting cutcutting swimswimming 例：we are eating breakfast.比较.We ate breakfast before going to school. 2. We eat breakfast every morning.使用时机：表示现在正在进行的动作John is watching the baseball game on television.表示重复发生的动作，常伴随着always, all the time, again and again等副词或副词片语。例 1. He is always complaining .2. The car is breaking down all the time.表示最近的未来即将发生的动作。此用法常用于某些动词，如：come, go, start, leave, arrive等。例.Im leaving for Kenting Tomorrow.3. My boyfriend is coming to see me this afternoon.注意：某些动词不可用于进行式中：表感官的动词：see, hear, smell等表情感的动词：love,like等其它：have ,know等过去进行式动词的形式：was(were)+ Ving例e was playing Frisbee in the park then.使用时机：表示过去某一时点正在进行的动作例. We were playing chess at eight yesterday evening.2. Lily was talking a bath when the doorbell rang.表示过去时间某一期限中，反覆性的动作例 Whenever I visited him, he was watching TV.例 In those days, we were getting up at six oclock.将来式将来式用来表示发生于未来的动作或状态，常用be going to 或will Be going to +原形动词Be going to 的函义：be going to 在用于表现未来时，常表示用于实现性非常高的事或事先计划好的行为。时间副词：tomorrow tomorrow morning (afternoon,evening) the day after tomorrow Next +时间：next week next year In +时间：in a few days in a week 翻译：.我明天要去探望我叔叔 2.我必须买个楼梯，因为我打算油漆房子。我觉得不舒服；恐怕我要生病了。圣诞前夕他们打算开派对吗？Will(将要)+原形动词Will为表示未来的助动词，且不分人称，其后须接原形动词。例. We will leave junior high school soon. = we are going to leave junior high school soon. =we are leaving junior high school soon.2. I will be fifteen years old next year. 不等于I am going to be fifteen years old next year.4. A: I cant move the large box.B: Ill do it for you.不等于I am going to do it for you.Will you .? 另外可表示请求或邀约。表请求 Will you .? 回答：Sure./OK/All right. No, I cant / Im sorry. I cant.表邀约 Will you .?回答： Yes, Thank you./ Yes, please / No, thank you.例1. Will you look after the baby for me? Sure. /Im sorry, but I cant.例2. Will you have another cup of coffee? Yes, please. / No, thanks. Unit 6 WH问句，祈使句，感叹句WH问句疑问词为首的疑问名，称为WH问名，而疑问词可分为疑问代名词，疑问副词及疑问形容词疑问代名词：what, who, which, whose疑问副词：when, where, why, how 疑问形容词：what, whose, which疑问代名词的用法：疑问词当主语：句型：疑问词动词？例. Who is cooking in the kitchen? Kate and Mary are.例. What is there under your bed?注：疑问词当主语时，视为单数，其后接单数动词疑问词当补语句型：疑问词be动词主词？例. Whose are these toys?例. Who is that tall boy?疑问词当宾语句型：疑问词助动词主语原形动词？例. Which do you want to take?疑问副词的用法句型：疑问词be 动词主语？助动词主语原形动词？例. When are you leaving America?例. Where do you come from?例. Why is she absent?例. How did you come here?疑问形容词的用法句型：疑问词名词be动词主语。？助动词主语原形动词？例. Which one do you like best?例. Whose house is this?What 及how的疑问句例1. is it ? Its eight ten.2. is it? Its Sunday.3. is it? Its October 10.4. Whats the weather like today? = How is the weather today? Its hot. 5. will you be next year? Ill be ten.6. are you? Im 5 feet three inches tall.7. is Mt.Everast? Its 8848 meters high.8. cups of coffee do you drink every day?9. coffee do you drink every day?10. will you stay in Shanghai? For two weeks.11. is the rope? Its two meters long.12. do you play tennis? Once a month.13. is it from here to the post office? Its about ten minutes walk.祈使句：表示希望，请求，命令的句子，称之为祈使句一般祈使句：原形动词否定祈使句：Dont (never)+原形动词邀请祈使句：Lets +原形动词例. Be quiet, please.例. Please stop talking and listen to me.例. Dont drink before you drive.例. Never make the same mistake again.例. Lets go for a walk. Yes, lets./ No, lets not.比较：Lets play outside. Let us play outside.感叹句：惊讶，惊喜，感动，难过等意思，并带有赞叹或感叹意味的句子，为感叹句句型：What + a(an)+形容词名词（主语动词）！ow +形容词（副词）（主语动词）！例. What a beautiful dress (this is)! = How beautiful this dress is.例. How interesting this novel is!例. How fast he runs!例. What a day!感叹句中，有时会将形容词省略，听者必须依照说话者谈话的内容或表情来判断其函义。比较：直述句：You are a very good girl. 祈使句：Be a very good girl. 感叹句：What a good girl you are!Unit 7 不定式不定式（to +原形动词），其身分不再是动词。它在句中扮演名词，形容词及副词的功能。To V 的用法：1.名词用法：当主语，宾语，补语 例：To buy things in a flea market must be fun.2.形容词用法：修饰名词例：I have a lot of things to buy.3副词用法：表目的，原因等。例：I went there to buy notebooks.不定词名词用法不定词当主语：the work is fun.环游世界很好玩。 To travel around the world is fun.例1回答这个问题是困难的。To answer this question is difficult for me.注：不定词放句首当主语时，视为一件事，其后须接单数动词。例2对峰江民众而言，要解决污染问题是困难的。 To solve pollution problems is hard for people in Fengjiang. It is hard for people in Fengjiang to solve pollution problems.注意：不定词为首的主语，可用it 来代替，可将此事件放置在后说明。To be patient with others is best for you.It is To best for you to be patient with others.句型：Its +形容词（修饰事物）+ for +人+to+原形动词 Its +形容词（修饰人）+of +人+ to+ 原形动词修饰人的形容词：good ,nice ,kind ,brave, clever, careless, honest, bad, stupid, silly, selfish, polite.等 It is dangerous for children to swim alone 例 Its kind of you to help me.例2他说别人的坏话是愚蠢的。Its stupid of him to speak ill of others. 不定词当宾语（放一般动词之后）I like baseball. 我喜欢打棒球。例. I decided to quit the job.例. He hoped to be there on time.注意：有些动词，如decide ,hope, want, expect, volunteer等，必用不定词当宾语例3我想要和我的朋友们一起去看电影 （我明天想要去看电影）.I want (would like) to see a movie with my friend.例4你不需要去如果你不想去的话。You neednt go if you dont want to.注意：to 后面的动词和前面相同时，则动词可省略。不定词当补语a. 当主语补语：可放在be动词或在连缀动词之后，补充说明主语。My work is the thing.我的工作是准备晚餐。My work is to prepare the dinner ./ Be 动词后面不是ing意思是我的工作是正在准备晚餐，（错）例：我的人生的目标是成为名歌手。My aim in life is to bec