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语法复习专题(3)代词一、考点聚焦代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。1、人称代词(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。Does any of you know where Tom lives? Me.What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替)They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)作表语人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。I met her in the hospital.It was her who I met in the hospital.在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You ,she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “Titanic”was the largest, wasnt she?2.物主代词(1)名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。 (2)ones own=.of ones own句式的转换。(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。 如: take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.3.反身代词(1)反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。(2)反身代词和某些动词连有,构成固定短语。enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。for oneself为自己或独立地,of oneself自然地,自动地by oneself独自地,in oneself本身性质,beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章(独有)。Just between ourselves, I dont think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。They were discussing about it among themselves.(相互共同)Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他,他写了起来。Im very angry with myself.生自己的气。4.相互代词(each other, one another)相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each others 、one anothers ,作定语。一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。5.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。(1)指示代词this和that的区别。this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。This is my desk and that is yours. In those days they could not go to school.this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come.为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。(2)such和same的用法。such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语和定语。Such was the story. We have never seen such a tall building.same指“同样的”人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the.The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语)6、疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose)疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。(1)who/what询问姓名或关系。Who is he? He is my brother./He is Henry.询问职业或地位。What is he? He is a lawyer/teacher.What/who 作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点,可单数也可复数。What is /are on the table? Who is/are in the library?(2)which与who、whatwhich表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?7.连接代词和关系代词连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。8、不定代词不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every、no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。(1)some与any一般用法:some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。 He has some Chinese paintings.(定语) Some like sports,others like music.(主语) Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)I dont know any of the students.(宾语)特殊用法:any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。Any child can do that.(定语) You may take any of them.(宾语)some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一” Smith went to some place in England.(定语)在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。Would you like some bananas?(邀请) Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)some 用于否定句表示部分否定。 I dont know some of the students.(宾语)some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如:There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today?(2)one,both,allone作定语、表语、主语或宾语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是ones,反身代词是oneself.One should try ones best to serve the people.(主语、定语) This is not the one I want.(表语)one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词,以免重复,one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如:These books are more interesting than those ones. Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)Both of the boys are here.(主语) We both are students.(同位语)注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film. Both the /these boys are tall.all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与复数名词连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。 All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。 Thats all for today.今天就在这儿。 They have all been to Xian.他们都去过西安。注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants dont go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。 None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。(3)many和muchmany和much都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。(4)few, little; a few, a littlefew和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而a few 和a little表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,few、a few 修饰可数名词;little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。(5)no和noneno=not any,表示“没有”,用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,通常作定语,none代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。注意:none既可以指人又可以指物,no one只能指人。(6)each和everyeach(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”)Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体)Each of them has been there.(主语) We each got a ticket.(同位语)The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)(7)either和neithereither是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如:Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)Neither boy knows French.(定语)注意:either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。He doesnlike tea, and I dont either.(状语)either与or构成连词,意为“不是就是”或“要么要么”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“noteither”。He cant do it, neither can I. neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.(8)other和another, the others 和othersthe other表示“两者中的另一个”;“the other + 复数可数名词”表示“其余(他)的”;the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.Some are singing, others are dancing.another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)Please give me another book.(定语)注意:another修饰复数名词时,意为“再,又”。如:Please give me another ten minutes. one another(a second) a thirdthe other意为“一个一个一个一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。someothersothers,意为“一些一些一些”。I. 代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格(主语)I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格(宾语和表语)me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性(做定语)my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性(主语、表语、宾语)mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词(谓语动词返回到发出者本身,做宾语、表语、同位语)myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4相互代词(表相互关系。做宾语、定语)Each other(指两者); one another(指三者)4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词(提出问题)who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词(引导定语从句)that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, both; either; neither; other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either8连接代词(引导名词从句)Who; whom; whose; which; what; whoever; whomever; whosever; whichever; whateverII. 不定代词用法注意点:1. both, all, either, any, neither, none的用法都任何都不两者botheitherneither三者或三者以上allanynone例如:-Somepeopleneverlettheirrighthandknowwhattheirleftisdoing. “有些人从不让右手知道左手在做什么”。-Mydear,IneverleteitherofmyhandsknowwhatImdoing. “亲爱的,我从不让我的双手知道我在做什么。”-Howdoyoufeelaboutwomensrights?你怎么看女人的权利(右边)?-Ilikeeithersideofthem两边我都喜欢。-Principal(校长):Arethereanyunusualstudentsinyourclass? 校长:你班里有与众不同的学生吗?-Teacher:Yes-threeofthemhavegoodmanners.老师:有.有三个学生(挺)有礼貌。2. none, nothing, nobody (no one) 的用法区别l none既可指人,也可指物,且表特指概念,常回答how many, how much引导的疑问句;no one只能指人,且表泛指概念,常回答who引导的疑问句;nothing只能指物,且表泛指概念,常回答what引导的疑问句。例如:-HowmanygreatpeoplehavebeenborninAmerica? 多少伟人出生在美国?-None.Onlybabiesarebornthere.一个也没有,只有婴儿出生在那儿。 Imnothavinganytroublewiththelanguage.Nobody (No one)talkstome.在莫斯科我语言上没有任何麻烦,没有人跟我说话。(注:意思是莫斯科人很冷漠。)l none往往与前面的some/any/every + 名词连用;nothing往往与前面的something/anything/everything连用;no one/nobody往往与前面的someone/somebody/everyone/everybody/anyone/anybody连用。如:Universityisfullofknowledge;thefreshmen(新生)bringalittleinandtheseniors(毕业生)takenoneaway,andknowledgeaccumulates.(累积)大学里到处是知识,新生带进来点儿,毕业生什么也不带走,知识就积累了下来。(注:讽刺一些大学生整天不学习。)Cynics(愤世嫉俗者)arepeoplewhoknowthepriceofeverythingandthevalueofnothing.愤世嫉俗者知道每件东西的价钱,不知道它的价值。Everybodyistalkingabouttheweather,butnobodyisdoinganythingaboutit.每个人都在谈论天气,但谁也不为它做点什么。l none后面可跟of短语,而something/anything/everything/nothing和Someone/anyone/everyone/no one却不能。如:Icameintomyhotelroomonenightandfoundastrangerblond(金发美女)inmybed.Iwouldstandfornoneofthatnonsense.Igavehertwenty-fourhourstogetout.我一天晚上走进宾馆房间,发现床上有一个陌生的金发美女,我可忍受不了这样的荒唐事儿,我让她在24个小时内出去。(难)3. any, every的区别l any + 名词表示“(三个或三个以上)”,即:这个或那个或那个;every + 名词表示(三个或三个以上中的)每一个,即:这个和那个和那个。Not any表全部否定,而not every + 名词表部分否定。如:Actress:Letmeintroducemyhusbandtoyou. 女演员:请允许我向你介绍我的丈夫。Director:Iamalwaysgladtomeetanyhusbandofyours.导演:见到你任何一个丈夫我都很荣幸。Republican:WhatmadeGeorgeWashingtonsuchagreatPresident? 民主党:什么使华盛顿成为这么伟大的总统?Democrat:Heneverblamedanyofthecountrysproblemsonthepreviousadministration.(行政部门)共和党:他从不把国家的问题归咎于以前的政府。(注:华盛顿是美国第一任总统,他以诚实著称,承认自己砍倒了樱桃树。)4. every, each的区别eachevery1)可单独使用1)不可单独使用2)可做代名词、形容词2)仅作形容词3)着重“个别”3)着重“全体”,毫无例外4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物l each强调“个体”,可作代词和形容词,指“两个或两个以上中的每一个”;every强调“全体”,只能作定语,指“三个或三个以上”。Each作同位语时,不影响谓语动词的数,不可用not each表部分否定。如:Scotsman:Amanwho,beforesendinghispajamastothelaundry,stuffsasockineachpocket.苏格兰人:把睡衣送到洗衣店之前在每个口袋里都塞一只袜子的人。(注:意思好似苏格兰人爱占小便宜。)Ithasbeensaidthatbehindeverysuccessfulmantherestandsawoman,butitdoesnotsayifshecarriesachildoragun.据说每个成功男人的背后都站着一个女人,但是它没有说清楚她是抱着孩子还是拿着枪5. 全部否定和部分否定l All, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及every + 名词表示全部肯定;l no one, none, nobody, nothing, notany以及no+ 名词都表示全部否定;但当not出现在含有全部肯定的不定代词的句子中,不管not在它们之前还是之后都表示部分否定。此外not与总括性副词如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。如:All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem.Such a thing cant be found everywhere.6. one, another, the other, some, others, the others一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数oneanotherThe other复数someothersThe othersOnewomansposeisanotherwomanspoison.一个女人的姿态是另一个女人的毒药。Theresanotheradvantageofbeingpoor-adoctorwillcureyoufaster.穷人还有一个好处医生会更快地治好你的病。(注:如果病人有钱,有些医生故意不立即治好病人的病。)Oneofthebestwaystopersuadeothersiswithyourears-bylisteningtothem.劝说别人最好的方法是用你的耳朵倾听。(注:劝说别人时,先倾听对方的心声,然后再有的放矢地劝说。)Ifyourrichesareyours,whydontyoutakethemwithyoutotheotherworld?如果你的财富是你的,为什么你不把它们带到另外一个世界。(注:财富生不带来,死不带走。)此外,the other后只能加单数名词或复数名词,不可加不可数名词;但另外一个短语the rest of(剩余的)后面加复数名词,还可加不可数名词;副词else只能放在不定代词或特殊疑问词后。7. one, ones, the one, the ones, that, thoseMadge:Husbandissuchaworry. 丈夫真让人担心。Mindy:Ididntknowyouhadone. 我不知道你有丈夫了。Madge:Idont-thatswhatworriesme! 我没有就是这事才让我担心。TwoJewswereconversingaboutbathing.Itakeabathonceayear, saidone,whetherIneedoneornot.两个犹太人正在就洗澡交谈。一个说,“我一年洗一次,不管是不是需要”。Therearetwotypesofpoliticians:theonewholies,andtheotherwhohasntbeenborn.有两类政治家:一类说谎,另一类还没出生。Whydidtheelephantweargreensneakers? 为什么大象穿绿运动鞋?Becausehisredoneswereinwash.因为他的红鞋正洗呢。Youcanalwaystelltheretireesatthecompanypicnic.WhentheCEOtellsajoke,theyretheoneswhosaytheyvehearditbefore公司野餐时你总能看出谁要退休了,是当公司在总裁讲笑话时,说他们已经听过的那些人。注:退休了,不用再拍领导马屁了。领导讲个笑话,不管多无聊,员工都会哄堂大笑。Therearetwokindsoflawyers,thosewhoknowthelawandthosewhoknowthejudge.律师分两类:一类了解法律,另一类了解法官。(注:两类其实是一类,见钱眼开。)8、many, much, few, little, a few, a little多少加复数名词manyfew加不可数名词muchlittle肯定否定加复数名词A few 几个(虽少,但有几个)Few少,几乎没有加不可数名词A little一点儿(虽少,但有一点)Little少,没有什么l a little和little也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”。 Im a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep) Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)9、与复合不定代词构成的习惯句型例如:Whatdidthejudgesaytothedentist? 法官对牙医说什么?Doyousweartopullthetooth,onlythetooth,andnothingbutthetooth? 你发誓除了牙什么也不拔吗?He is anything but an honest man.他决不是个诚实的人。He is something of a lawyer. He haswon many cases. 他可以说是个出色的律师,他赢过很多官司。10. it用法l 指代时间、距离、自然现象等。如:It is half past ten now.(时间)It is 10 miles to the zoo.(指距离)l 指代前面所提到的事物、群体、想法、性别不名或性别被认为不重要的人或动物、未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。l it 用作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面,真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。Beforeamanspeaksitisalwayssafetoassumethatheisafool.Afterhespeaks,itisseldomnecessarytoassumeit.在一个人开口说话前假设他是个傻瓜总是安全的,在他说话之后,就很少有必要再假设了。Itisadifficultmatter,myfellowcitizen,toarguewiththebelly sinceithasnoears.我的同胞们,同肚皮争论可是一件困难的事,肚子没有耳朵。注:首先要解决吃饭问题,如果饭都吃不饱,可能要做一些不体面的事情了。l it用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词,尤其是表示好恶的动词,如:enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, dont mind, be fond of, feel like, see to后,即这些动词后面的宾语从句前要加it。如:Lady:Ihateitwhenpeopletalkaboutme! 代词在高考英语单项填空中的12个考点 考点1 人称代词主格与宾格的用法 (1)人称代词的主格在句中作主语,宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语。 【真题再现】(1)My grandma still treats me like a child. She cant imagine _ grown up. (2006重庆) A. my B. mine C. myself D. me 解析:由语境可知“她没想到我已成年了”,应当用宾格me作imagine的宾语;短语形容词grown up(成熟的,成年的)作宾补。答案是D。 (2)Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed _ to_ and then posted it at the nearby post office(2006安徽) A. it; her B. it; herself C. herself; her D. herself; herself 解析:由address sth. to sb. (在信件或包裹上写上收件人的姓名及地址)可知,Catherine在买来的明信片上写上她自己的姓名及地址。答案是B。 (3)I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately _couldnt spare me even one minute. (2004重庆) A. they B. one C. who D. it 解析:句中a friend (=one of my friends) 泛指我的朋友中的任何一个,代替名词my friends,且在but后的并列句中作主语用they。答案是A。 (4)Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. Why_? John is sitting there doing nothing. (2003全国) A. him B. he C. I D. me 解析:感叹疑问句或省略句中用人称代词的宾格。 答案是D 提示:下列情况也用宾格: 在be后作表语。 Who is it? Its me. 谁?是我呀。 在单独使用或带not的简略回答中。如: Who broke the cup? 谁打破了杯子? Me! (Not me!)我!(不是我!) I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳。 Me too. 我也是。 在感叹疑问句中做主语,以引起强调。如: You can tell him. 你可以告诉他。 Me tell him? Not likely!我告诉他?不可能! 在下列之类的祈使句中: Hes got to repay the moneypoor him.他得偿还这笔钱可怜的他呀! 考点2 名词性和形容词性物主代词的用法 形容词性物主代词只能在名词前作定语,名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词名词”,在句中作主语、宾语、表语或与of连用作后置定语,但不能作定语。 【真题再现】(5)Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are _. (2004上海春) A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers 解析:在句中作表语,指“他的邮票和她的邮票”用his and her (=his stamps and her stamps)。答案是B。 (6)Is your camera like Bills and Anns? No, but its almost the same as _. (1994全国) A. her B. yours C. them D. their 解析:与it(=my camera)相比的应是your camera,与“形容词性物主代词+名词”相当的应是名词性物主代词,yours=your camera。答案是B。 (7) The boy promised _mother never to lie to _again. (1991年) A. his, him B. her, her C. her, him D. his, her 解析:形容词性物主代词his作mother的定语;宾格人称代词her作介词to的宾语。答案是D。 (8)Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of _. (1990全国) A. their B. the

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