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1I句子1 语法主要研究句子中词与词间的关系。一个句子可以陈述一个事实,如:We are happyLee is learning English也可提出问题,如:Are you happy?Is he learning English?也可提出请求或发出命令,如:Lets learn EnglishBe quiet!,也可表示惊叹情绪,如:How happy we are!How well she dances!根据上述4种作用,句子可以分为1)陈述句、2)疑问句、3)祈使句及4)感叹句。2 在一般情况下,句子由2部分组成:主语(某人或某物)谓语(做某事或是什么)The manwrote那人写作。The old man sitting thereis my uncle坐在那里的老人是我叔叔。The old man you metseems very kind你碰到的那个老人似乎很善良。The newsastonished me这消息使我吃惊。The strange newsgreatly astonished me这条奇特的新闻使我大为吃惊。The strange news received last nightwas a rumor昨天晚上收到的消息是谣言。The strange news which we received last nightproves false昨天晚上我们收到的奇怪消息原来是假的。词类3 在英语语法中主要把词分为8大类:1名词:表示人、物或地方等,如:John,teacher;table,pen;London;beauty2代词:用来代替名词,以避免重复某个名词,如:I,you,it,that,those,them3形容词:用来修饰或限制某个(些)名词,如:good(man),white(paper),every(book),much(water),(John is)honest,(He seems)lazy被修饰或限制的名词,叫做主体词(head-word)。4动词:表示行为或状态,如:speak,read,go,think,is,seem5介词:表示它后面的名词(或代词)跟它前面的动词、另一名词或形容词的关系。这些名词(或代词)称为介词的宾语。介词宾语和介词构成介词短语。He went to school(介词to把名词school和动词went联系起来)He stood by meHe asked for itThe book on the desk is mine(介词on把名词book和另一名词desk联系起来)He lives in a house on the mountain他住在山上的一幢房子里。The bridge across this river is built by a Frenchman河上的桥是一位法国人修建的。He is sure of it他对此很有把握。(of联系it和sure)It is good for you这对你有好处。He is angry with Mary他生玛丽的气。6副词:修饰或限制动词、形容词或其他副词,乃至介词、连词及整个句子。He walked slowly他走得很慢。He did it carefully他干得很仔细。He is a very kind man他是一个非常善良的人。John is truly honest约翰的确很诚实。He arrived too late他到得太晚了。He walked rather slowly他走得相当慢。He sat far behind me他坐在我后面挺远的地方。He arrived exactly at seven他在7点整到达。He will come probably after we take lunch他可能在我们吃午饭之后到达。He loves her just because she is pretty他爱她只是因为她漂亮。Luckily,he got back his money幸好他把钱要回来了。Historically,China is a great nation从历史上看中国是个伟大的国家。7连词:用来连接词、词组(短语)或句子,如:and,but,or,so;或把一个句子和一动词或名词联系起来,如:when,because,as,though,thatHe visited Hong Kong and Singapore(连词and把Hong Kong和Singapore连接起来)他访问了香港和新加坡。She is pretty but cruel她很漂亮却很残忍。He does exercise in class or at home他在课堂上或是在家里做练习。(or把in class和at home两个短语连接起来)She sat by me,reading novels but turning her eyes tochildren about her from time to time她坐在我身旁看小说,但不时把眼睛转向她周围的孩子们。He works hard,so he will succeed他很努力,所以他会成功。(so把he works hard和he will succeed连接起来)He says this and that,but he does not mean them他说这说那,但这些都不是他的真心话。He was writing when it was rainning下雨时他正在写作。(when把动词was raining和he was writing连接起来)He became a beggar because he had been a gambler他成了乞丐因为他爱赌博。He went to school though he was sick他虽病了,但他仍然上学。The news that the enemy had surrendered soon reached us不久传来了敌人投降的消息。8感叹词:用来表示说话时的感情,如Oh!,Alas!,My!上面只是对8大词类粗略的解释。另外冠词、数词也可算作两个词类,冠词只有a,an,the3个字,数词可归入形容词中。词类的确定4 代词、介词、连词及感叹词比其他词类更易确定,因为每类仅几十个词。在多数情况下,无需看上下文即可确定he为代词,against为介词,because为连词,oh为感叹词。确定一个词的词类是掌握语法的第一步。为了确定每个词的词类,我们必须了解一个词在一个特定句子中的特定作用。同样一个词在两个或更多的句子中,可以有两个或更多不同的作用,因而就可属于两个或更多词类,如:You must answer me(动词)Give me an answer(名词)He went down(副词)He went down the ladder(介词)That is the right way(形容词)He has guessed it right(副词)He drank cold water(形容词)He caught a cold(名词)When did he do it?(副词)I was ill when he called(连词)5 一个词有时略加改变即可转为另一词类,如:He is honest(形容词)I doubt his honesty(名词)He is a very proud businessman(形容词)He spoke proudly to everyone(副词)You have hurt his pride(名词)He is a fool(名词)You are talking with a foolish fellow(形容词)He has done it foolishly(副词)短语6 作用和一个词相似的一组词(多数由两个以上的词组成)可称作短语。起名词作用的短语称为名词短语;起形容词作用的短语称为形容词短语;起副词作用的短语可称为副词短语;由此类推。The King of Terror(名词短语)will come sooner or later比较:Death(名词)will come sooner or laterHe is a man of wealth(形容词短语)比较:He is a wealthy(形容词)manHe speaks English with fluency(副词短语)He speaks English fluently(副词)He is fond of(动词短语)booksHe likes(动词)booksHe stood in front of(介词短语)a tree=He stood before(介词)a treeLet me know in case(连词短语)he is illLet me know if(连词)he is ill但有时不可能找到与每个短语意思相等的单词。同时还有一些其他短语,如分词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语,在句子中有着不同的句法作用。分词短语可起形容词或副词的作用;不定式短语可起形容词、副词或名词的作用;动名词短语主要起名词的作用。介词短语可以起形容词或副词的作用。成语7 一个词组有时可作为一个整体来使用,有其特别的意思,与一个单词相近,可称为习用语(Set Phrase)或成语(Idiom)。它的意思已不完全是所包含各词原来的意思,如 blue blood 不是表示“蓝色的血液”,而是指“贵族血统”,keep a good house不是表示“有好房子”,而是表示“善于款待客人”。另外,它包含的词不能随便改动,如take care of(照顾)不能改为take a care of,give care of,或do care of。又如look after(照看)不能改为look behind或watch after。又如lose heart(灰心)不能改为miss heart,lose a heart。如作这样改动,意思就会改变或变得没有意义。分句8 词组是比单词较大的单位。分句又是比词组更大的单位。分句是一个“大”句子中包含的一个“小”句子,有它自己的主语及谓语。它多由一个连词所引带或连接。下面第一个例句:I know that you are all right 是一个“大”句子,you are all right是包含在“大”句子中的“小”句子,由连词that引带。I know that you are all rightHe will come though it rainsI was dining when he cameHow he did it was unknownThe house where I live is small9 如果有两个或更多“小”句子由and,but,or,so这类并列连词连接,这个“大”句子就称为并列句(Compound Sentence),“小”句子就称为分句(Coordinate Clause)。例如:I walked along,and he followed meI talked to him,but he wouldnt listen to meI must work,or I shall be starved,but I am so illShe loves me,so I love her,but John loves her,too10 如果分句起形容词的作用,修饰一名词或代词,这种分句就称为形容词从句(或定语从句),句子的其他部分称为主句(MainClause或Principal Clause)。例如:I know the man who killed the woman(形容词从句,修饰man,I know the man为主句)He entered the room where many of his friends were waiting(He entered the room 为主句,where引带的为形容词从句,从句修饰room)如果从句起副词的作用,修饰句子中的另一动词,这种分句称为副词从句(或状语从句),句子的另一部分称为主句。He stayed at home because he was ill(副词从句,修饰stayed,He stayed at home为主句)He will come here if it doesnt rain(副词从句,修饰动词come,He will come here为主句)如果整个分句起名词的作用(用作主语、宾语、表语或同位语),这种从句称名词从句。That he has resigned(主语从句)is trueI know that he is honest(宾语从句,作动词know的宾语)That depends on how he did it(宾语从句,作介词on的宾语)11 形容词从句、副词从句、名词从句,统称为从属句(SubordinateClauses),简称从句。通常它都由从属连词(Subordinate Conjunctions)引带。凡包含从句的句子都称为复合句(ComplexSentences)。12 不包含从句或分句的句子称为简单句(Simple Sentences),如John came yesterdayHe does not其他术语13 字句(Expressions)可能指一个词,一个短语,一个分句或整个句子。词组(Combinations)像是短语,但是并不表达词类,如Itwould seem,Suchas,in order that名词短语和名词从句都起名词的作用,可称为名词等同语(NounEquivalents)。同样,形容词短语及形容词从句也可称为形容词等同语(AdjectiveEquivalents),副词短语及副词从句可称为副词等同语(AdverbEquivalents)。还有一些其他语法术语,如“单数”(Singular)可指“单数”或“单数的词”;“阳性”(Masculine)可以指“阳性”或“阳性的词”。“所有格”(Possessive)可指“所有格”或“所有格的词”;“疑问词”(Interrogative)可指“疑问代词”(Interrogative Pronoun)或“疑问副词”(Interrogative Adverb)。又如“关系词”(Relative)可指“关系代词”(Relative Pronoun)或“关系副词”(Relative Adverb)。名词的定义14 名词是人、动物、事物、地方、状态、品质或动作的名称。它可以表示具体的东西,也可表示抽象的东西。下面斜体字都是名词:John is my friendMy children love their teachers(人)The dog is running after a rat(动物)This school is goodBroadway is a street in New York City(地方)My pencil is lostThe window of this house is pretty(东西)Poverty is a big problemEveryone seeks happiness(状态)His bravery is wellknownI enjoy the beauty of this mountain(品质)His arrival was on SundayHis judgment is not correct(动作)1规则的复数形式15 构成法:一个名词如果表示一个或一样东西,它取单数形式,如pen,dog,tree,fact,church,kiss.如果表示两个或更多这类东西,则需用名词的复数形式,如pens,dogs,trees,facts,churches,kisses.构成名词复数,大多数是在单数形式后加-s或-es,有下面6种情况:a在单数形式后直接加-s:girl girls hat hatsneck necks tree treespencil pencils kind kingsb如单数名词以s,x,sh,ch或z结尾,需在后面加-es:kiss kisses church churchesfox foxes match matchestax taxes watch watchesdish dishes branch branchesbrush brushes buzz buzzesc以y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es:lady ladies army armiesbaby babies story storiessoliloquy soliloquies colloquy colloquies如果y前还有一个元音字母,则直接加-s:day days key keysboy boys monkey monkeysd以o结尾的词,多数加-s:demo demos inferno infernoskilo kilos tempo temposcello cellos memo memosbanjo banjos octavo octavospiano pianos canto cantosdynamo dynamos tobacco tobaccossolo solos photo photoscameo cameos ratio ratios以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一概加-s:curios,rodeos,bamboos,tattoos,但有少数以o 结尾的词后需加-es:echo,echoes; embargo,embargoes; jingo,jingoes; torpe- do;torpedoes;veto,vetoes;hero,heroes;negro,ne-groes;potato,potatoes;mosquito,mosquitoes;go,goes;no,noes;motto,mottoes其他以o结尾的词,一般既可加-s,也可加-es:zero,zeros,zeroes;halo,halos,haloes;mango,mangos,mangoes此外还有:motto;tornado;volcano;cargo;buffalo;commandoe以f或fe结尾的词,多数直接加-s:chief chiefs reef reefscliff cliffs cuff cuffsroof roofs fife fifesbelief beliefs safe safesgulf gulfs strife strifes但有几个名词,需变f为v,再加es:elf elves leaf leavescalf calves thlef thlevesshelf shelves loaf loaveshalf halves life livesself selves wife wiveswolf wolves knife knives有个别名词,可加-s或-es:hoof hoofs,hooves wharf wharfs,wharvesscarf scarfs,scarves dwarf dwarfs,dwarvesbeef beefs,beeves staff staffs,staves16 词尾读音:-s或-es 可读作s,iz或z:a在清辅音(Voiceless Consonant)后读s,如:cupsk)ps,shapesMeips,hats h$ts,datesdeits,dochsd&ks,lakesleiks,monarchsm&n+ks,fifesfaifs,roofsru:fs,laughsla:fs,coughsk&fs,pho-tographs f+t+gra:fs在th后多数读s,如: clothskl&Is,monthm)nIs,mythsmiIs但在少数情况下也读z,如:pathpa:I,pathspa: J zoath+uI,oaths+uJzmouthmauI,mouthsmauJzwreathri:I,wreathsri:Jzbathba:I,bathsba:Jzth 前有长元音或双元音时读作: youthsju:Jz,truthstruJz,sheathsMi:Jzb在s,z,M,tM,DN等音后读iz:kisseskisiz foxesf&ksizdishesdiMiz churchestM+:tMizlanguagesl$Rgwidziz rosesr+uzizc在其他情况下均读z,如:dogsd&gz,penspenz,boysb&iz,girlsg+:lz,namesneimz,cities2不规则的复数形式17 有些名词有不规则的复数形式:a把单数形式稍加变化,成为复数形式:单数 复数 单数 复数man men foot feetalderman aldermen foot foots(dregs)woman women goose geesecountrywoman countrywomen goose gooses(iron)mouse mice tooth teethdormouse dormice child childrenlouse lice ox oxenb把单数形式用作复数形式(即单复同形):1)sheep,deer,swine,fish,cod,salmon,trout,但在表示不同种类时可加-s、又如 fox,hare,tiger,bear,heron等单数形式,是猎人用语。2) dozen,score(20),head(头数),stone( 14磅重量),brace,stand,series,species,craft,foot,sail,change,horse例如: two dozen of these,a hundred species of fish,allkinds of craft,20 head of cattle,six hundred,ten stone(但要说hundreds of,thousands of years.)3) corps,abatis,chamois,rendezvous,faux pas,chassis,patois这些词为法语词,单数时s不读音,用作复数时s读作z。4) data,errata,phenomena,stamina,strata这些词为拉丁语,原为复数形式,也可用作单数。5)Chinese,Japanese,Burmese,Vietnamese,Swiss,Sioux这些表示一些国家的人民,也是单复同形。3外来语的复数形式18 许多名词原系外来词,特别是一些科学上的术语,仍沿用原来的复数形式。但其中有些已采用英语词尾-s或-es。在口语中带-s或-es词尾的复数形式用得较多。-s或-es词尾可以加在原来的单数形式后,但不可加在原来的复数形式后:拉丁语:单数:bacillusb+sil+s,locusl+k+s,alumnus,nucleus,camulus ,stimulus; cactus(es),syllabus(es),radius(es),octopus(es),fungus(es),terminus(es),colossus(es),incubus(es),genius(es),magus(es),narcissus(es),hippopotamus(es),focus(es)复数: bacillib+silai,locil+sai,alumni; cacti orcactuses,radii or radiuses,octopi or octopuses单数: datumdeit+m,stratum,erratum,referendum,spectrum ,auditorium,bacterium ,ovum ,sympo-sium,agendum,addendum; maximum(s),minimum(s),millenium(s),gymnasium(s),curriculum(s),medium(s),memorandum(s),decorum(s),momen-tum(s),compendium(s),effluvium(s),sanatorium(s),aquarium(s),encomium(s),serum(s),stadium(s),honorarium(s),emporium(s)复数:datadeit+,strata,errata; maxima or maxi-mums,minima or minimums,curricula or curricu-lums单数: vertebrav#:tibr+,larva,nebula,lacuna; antenna(s),formula(s),retina(s),uvula(s),drachma(s)penumbra(s)复数: vertebraev#:tibri:,larvae; antennae或 anten-nas,formulae或 formulas单数: indexindeks(es),apex(es),vortex(es),appendix(es),matrix(es),helix(es),calyx(es)复数: indicesindis:z或indexesindeksi:z,apices或apexes;appendices或appendixes希腊语:单数: oasisoersis,antithesis,analysis,basis,nemesis,parenthesis synthesis,thesis,metamorphosis,ellipsis,hypothesis,crisis,pelvis复数: oasesoersis,antitheses,analyses单数: phenomenon,automaton(s),criterion复数: phenomena,automata或 automatons,criteria法语:单数:beaub+,chateau,corps;adieu(s),bureau(s),tableau(s),trousseau(s),portmanteau(s)复数: beauxb+uz,flambeaux,chateaux,corps,adieux或adieus意大利语、希伯莱语等:单数: bandit(s),libretto(s),soprano(s),dilettante(s),vir-tuoso(s),tempo(s)复数: banditti或 bandits,libretti或 librettos,soprani或 so- pranos单数: cherub(s),seraph(s)复数: cherubim或 cherubs,seraphim或seraphs单数:bolshevik(s)复数:bolsheveki或bolsheviks单数: vietcong; yen,sen; renminbi(= yuan),liang复数: vietcong; yen,sen; renminbi(= yuan),liang19 但下面词已完全变成英国字,只加-s或-es就可以构成复数形式:a sinus,prospectus,crocus,chorus,circus,bonus,census,re-bus,omnibus(es)bvilla,area,arena,era,idea,dogma,encyclopaedia,sonata,viola,vista(s)c album,asylum,museum,premium,nostrum,geranium(s)4其他复数形式20 下面是一些值得注意的特殊复数形式:a某些词、字母、数目字、斜体词、缩略语的复数形式:before,befores;perhaps,perhapss ;s,ss;p,ps9,9s; 6,6s; 765,765s Tribune,Tribunes;liang,liangs;Macbeth,Macbeths MP,MPs; Iou,Ious;DD;DDs;Bro,Bros;Prof; Profs; Dr,Drs; S Peter,SS Peter and PaulP,PP( pages); l,ll(lines);n,nn(= nouns).in=inch(es); ftfoot,feet; m=mile(s); m=metre(s);t= ton(s);oz= ounce(s);lb= pound(s);gmgram(s);=dollar(s); =pound(s); secsecond(s);h= hour(s);w=watt(s); v=volt(s);cal=calorie(s)b专有名词及人名的复数形式:Mary:Marys,Maries;Cato:Catos,Catoes;Charles:Charles,CharlesesJanuary: Januarys,Januaries带头衔的人名可有两种复数形式(同一人名同一头衔):Miss Anderson: Misses Anderson(较文气的说法)或 Miss Andersons(口语体的说法)the Ladies Huntington或 the Lady Huntingtonsthe MessrsSmith或the MrSmithsthe Doctors Smith或 the Doctor Smithsthe John SBlacks,Jr或 the John S Black,Jrsthe children Johnson或 the Johnson children有些只有一种复数形式(人名不同但头衔相同):Messrs(或 Professors,Presidents,Fathers,Drs,Lieu-tenants) Smith and Brown但是: Mr.,Mrsand the Misses Watanabe; Professor and Miss Lee(人名相同但头衔不同)c合成词的复数形式:如合成词中的第一个字是名词或更重要,-s词尾就加在它上面:1) commandersinchief,fathersinlaw,editorsinchief,coatsofmail,maidsofallwork,tenantsatwill,menatarms,menofwar,bills of fare,quarters of an hour2) courts martial,poets laureate,postmasters general,heirs apparent,knights errant,prices current,letters patent,(在通俗语言中也可说courtmartials,knighterrants,etc)3) lookerson,standersby,passersby,hangerson4)lyingsin,settingsup,layingsout,goingson5) carriagesandfour,coachesandsix6) brides tobe其他合成词几乎全都把-s词尾加在最后:brotherofficers,firing squads,sliderules,cutthroats,lookouts,grownups,cure-alls,forget-me-nots,fly-by-nights,merrygorounds,ncerdowells,gobetweens,stayathomes;good-for-nothings,three-year-olds;whisky-and-so-das;something elses但下面类型的合成词,前后两个字都用复数形式:man servant,men servants,man saint,men saints; womansinger,women singers;woman writer,women writers; gen- tleman-farmer,gentlemen-farmers; clergyman-poet,clergy menpoets; Lord(s) Justices; Lord(s) Cardinals; Knight(s)Templarsd有类别作用的名词所有格可有两种复数形式(参看124):printers errors或 printers errors; birds nests,或 birds nests,peacocks feathers,或 peacocks feathers有时两种形式的意思不同,如:crows nests(桅顶望台),crowsnests(鸟鸦巢);bulls eyes(靶心),bullseyes(公牛的眼睛)B单复数形式的意义21 1绝大多数复数形式的意义和单数形式相同,只有数量上的差别,如:I have a houseHe has many housesI am a teacherWe are teachers of an elementary school2但有些名词只有复数形式有意义,单数形式不存在,如:tidings,news,oats,trousers,mathematics,bowels,dregs,summons3另有许多名词,特别是不可数名词,只有单数形式有意义,只能用于单数形式,如:ink,pork,paste,soil,lumber,haste,quiet,thunder,might,wisdom,courage,hunger4有些名词的单数形式和复数形式意思不同,如:单数形式 复数形式iron铁 irons锁练sand沙 sands沙地air空气 airs神情salt盐 salts泻盐ground地 grounds房子周围的院子force力量 forces武装部队advice劝告,忠言 advices通知return返回 returns利润good好处 goods商品compass罗盘 compasses两脚规vesper傍晚 vespers晚祷paper纸 papers报纸,文件writing文件 writings著作5有些名词,有两个复数,因而有两个意思:单数形式 复数形式1 复数形式2abrother brothers(兄弟) brethren(同组织的成员)genius geniuses(天才) genii(精灵)penny pennies(便士,指铜币) pence(指价值)staff staves(乐谱记号) staffs(棒)die dies(铸模) dice(骰子)cloth cloths(布块) clothes(衣服)Englishman Enhlishmen theEnglish(英(个别英国人) 国人总称)formula formulas(例规) formulae(公式)medium mediums(巫师) media(传媒)单个的复数 总称bshot shots shotcannon cannons cannon(大炮)fish fishes fish(鱼)heathen heathens heathen(异教徒)6有些名词的复数形式除了表示原意外,还可有其他意思,如arm的复数形式arms,除了表示“手臂”外,还可表示“武器”:单数形式 复数形式(本意外的其他意思)arm手臂 arms武器,军备colour颜色 colours旗帜custom风俗 customs海关circumstance情况 circumstances环境,处境desert沙漠 deserts应得的报偿(应)effect效果 effects用品letter信,字母 letters文学list表 lists角斗场manner方式 manners礼貌minute分钟 minutes会议记录part部分 parts才干premise前提 premises房屋建筑quarter四分之一 quarters居住区scale刻度 scales天平,磅秤spectacle景象 spectacles眼镜term学期 terms条件7有些名词,特别是具有可数与不可数两种性质的,复数形式的意思要少一些:单数形式 复数形式light光线,亮光,灯 lights灯powder粉子,药粉,火药 powders 药粉practice作法,练习,开业 practices作法people人,民族,人民 peoples 民族matter物质,内容,问题,事情 matters情况,问题sight视力,景象 sights景象名词的种类22 名词有下面5种:1普通名词:一些人、物、地的通称,如:teacher,dog,city,river,church,book2专有名词:某个人、地方、动物或东西特有的名称,如:Con-fucius(孔子),John,Blackie(狗名),London,Mississippi,St Pauls,Bible,New York Times专有名词第一个字母要大写。3集体名词:某类人、动物或东西的集体名称,如:mankind family,army,company,flock,pack,swarm,furniture4物质名词:一种物质(常无固定形状)的名称,如: sugar,gold,rice,air,oil,oxygen,perfume5抽象名词:一种品质、状态或动作或抽象概念的名称,如:goodness,hardness,poverty,quiet,arrival,destruction按照上述定义,cow为普通名词,Lucky(母牛名)为专有名词,herd为集体名词,beef为物质名词,patience为抽象名词。同样,warship是普通名词,the Elizabeth (船名)为专有名词,fleet为集体名词,iron为物质名词,speed为抽象名词。A定义23 名词分可数名词与不可数名词。1凡属前面可加不定冠词 a(an)或其相应代词(如 another,one,every,each)并能用于复数形式的为可数名词,如:(a) boy,(another) book,(every) house,(each) day2不能加a或其相应代词,也不能用于复数形式的为不可数名词,如:beef,oil,bravery,information,poverty3可数名词和不可数名词,前面都可加定冠词the,或this,that,some,any,no这类代词,如:(the)waiter,(this) oil,(that) idea,(no)information,(her) courage这时,可数名词前不必加不定冠词a或变为复数。4有些名词总是用作可数名词的,如: leg,dog,pen有些名词总是用作不可数名词,如: pork,gold,honesty有些则有时用作可数名词,有时用作不可数名词,如:It is made of glass.(不可数)He held a glass.(可数)Revolution destroyed the old system(不可数)There broke out a revolution(可数)有时名词总是用于复数形式,因此总是可数名词,如: bow-els,barracks,assets。B与5类名词的关系24 区分5类名词对决定一个名词是可数还是不可数有极其重要的意义。字典中常用C代表可数(Countable),用U代表不可数(Uncountable)。1大多数普通名词为可数名词,如: a chair,another car,dogs2多数集体名词也是可数名词,如:(a)family,(each)class,(all) parties,(different) nations。3专有名词,多数作不可数名词,如:London,China,Ham-bet,Neptune;但有些为可数名词,

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