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Unit Six Man and AnimalsI. Useful Companions Starting Time: Minutes_ Seconds_ 1.Next to the development of agriculture, the most progressive step taken by primitive man was probably the domestication of animals. Animals helped man in his work and assured him of a meat supply. Once man began to raise his own animals, he did not have to go out and hunt for his meat. And, since he did not have to move from one place to another hunting for food, man was able to settle down and live in one place. This was one of the first foundations upon which civilization was built.2.Very little is known about the early history of domestic animals. We do know that there was a time when all domestic animals were born wild and tamed one by one. We can also be fairly certain that the dog was the first animal to be tamed. One legend has it that, when animals were created, a gulf opened up between Adam and the animals, and the dog leaped across the gulf to be by mans side.3.Domestic animals can usually be classified as (1) food producers, (2) beasts of burden, and (3) hunting animals. Food Producers4.It is not surprising that the earliest domestic animals were those which could help maintain the food supply. Dogs have always been mans greatest helpers in hunting. Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs furnished meat, milk, or both. Domestic birds, notably chickens, provided food and eggs. The goose was probably the first to be domesticated, and the duck was probably tamed soon after. Both geese and ducks were common pets in ancient Egypt. 5.Two insects have been domesticated by man: the honey and the silkworm. The bee produces both honey and beeswax. For thousands of years, man considered honey especially valuable because it was the main sweetener for his food. Honey was a common food in ancient Egypt. The breeding of silkworms is still an important industry in Japan and China. Beasts of Burden 6.Beasts of burden were domesticated later than the food-producing farm animals. The ass and the camel were probably mans first beasts of burden, while wild horses were not tamed until a later date. The mule is another domesticated animal which has served man for thousands of years. The mule is a hybrid animal, produced by crossing an ass with a horse. Humans have used mules since early ages. The inhabitants of Mysia and Paphlagonia are said to breed the first mules. The ancient Greeks and especially Romans used mules for transport, employing them to draw carriages and carry loads. In the early 20th century mules served mainly in military transport, being used to haul caissons (弹药车) and artillery（大炮）through nearly impassable terrain. The bravery and focused intelligence of the animal served it well in the midst of the noise and confusion of warfare.7.The elephant is a beast of burden which cannot be strictly called a domestic animal, since it rarely breeds in captivity (束缚). However, elephants have been tamed and put to use for many centuries. Other beasts of burden are the water-buffalo and the llama (美洲驼). In India, the natives can make the bad-tempered water-buffalo work, but the white man cannot control the animal. In the mountains of South America, the llama has carried the Indians burdens for untold centuries. Hunting Animals8.From earliest times, the dogs keen nose has sniffed out game, and his speed in retrieving game has prevented animals from escaping. Although cats have the same abilities, they have never been used in hunting to the extent that dogs have. In Persia and India, however, the cheetah or hunting leopard, a member of the cat family, has been trained for centuries to stalk game. And hunting with cheetahs is still a royal sport in some places today.9.In ancient Egypt, cats were domesticated about 1600 B.C. because Egypt was a grain-producing country, and the cats protected the places where grain was stored against rats and mice. Many traps and poisons have been invented to destroy mice, but the cat is still the best destroyer of these pests. In fact, in England, the government keeps about 2000 cats on its payroll explicitly for killing mice. However, tamed cats were rare in Europe until after 1000 A. D., because many superstitious Europeans considered the cat an evil spirit. In fact, the devil was often pictured as a black cat.Animals That Fit Into All Three Classifications10.Some animals fit into all three of these classifications. The dog, for example, is a hunter in all parts of the world, a sled-puller in northern countries, and a source of food in China. Dogs also serve other useful purposes. They protect property, guide the blind, and save people from danger. Many instances have been recorded of dogs saving people from burning buildings or from deep water. And, in the Alps, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of hundreds of people lost in the mountains.11.The reindeer is another animal that fits all three of the above classifications. The reindeer, in fact, meets nearly all the needs of certain wandering tribes in the far north. The reindeer carries burdens, pulls sleds, and provides milk and meat. The contents of the reindeers stomach are cooked as a vegetable; and reindeer skins are used to make leather clothes, which are sewn with thread made from reindeer tendons. Finally, the reindeers horns and bones can be made into tools and household utensils. The camel is similarly important to the nomads of Africa and Asia. Spiritual Companions12.To many people, a domestic animal is a pet. Pets are kept for companionship and to satisfy peoples desire to take care of something. Now, keeping pets is becoming more and more popular everywhere especially in cities. Parrots are becoming one of the most popular pets. The parrot is an extraordinary bird that can be taught to talk. With mans help, a parrot can develop a fairly large vocabulary.Itcan learntowhistleorsing as well. And it also can be easily cared for and create a lively atmosphere anywhere.13.Many primitive people believed that certain animals had supernatural qualities. The ancient Egyptians, for example, worshipped a cat god. Some animals that are considered supernatural are harmful. For instance, in India, cobras have killed thousands of people who refused to destroy them because of their supernatural qualities.14.Domestication has often produced variations in animals which would not have allowed them to survive under natural conditions. There are, for example, lop-eared (垂耳的) rabbits with twenty-three-inch ears and sheep with such enormous tails that herdsmen make carts to support them. Such changes show that selection and evolution can be controlled, to a certain extent, by man. In fact, changes are continually taking place in all living things, and new varieties are constantly developing. Some of these varieties, which are better adapted to existing conditions than others, multiply and replace older varieties of animals. However, such changes take place very slowly, taking centuries to be completed. (1180 words)Finishing Time: Minutes_ Seconds_Exercise A Skimming and Scanning 我愿来敲的，只有五个，还有5个，你从绿皮书上找吧，共十个，你仔细检查一下。Directions : Answer the questions without looking back at the passage. When finished, correct your answers by checking with the answer key. 1.The first animal to be tamed was probably A. the sheep. B. the pig.C. the cat.D. the dog.2. The earliest domestic animals were those that could A. Carry burdens.B. maintain the food supply.C. provide eggs as well as meat. D. allow men to live in one place. Jews3. A destroyer of rats and mice, cats A. are almost as good as modern poisons.B. were widely used up to the nineteen century.C.are still the best means.D.were neglected.4. The dog can be called all but one of the following: A. beast of burden. B. protector of man.C. food for man . D.supernatural creature.5. Strange varieties of domestic animals show that A. nature does queer things without mans help.B. man can influence nature completely. C. the process of change and selection is always going on. D.Darwin did not know all the answers. 换掉 Answer the following questions as quickly and briefly as possible. Remember, do not write the whole sentence. Do not read every word. Scan the paragraphs for key words.1. What animal was probably the first to be tamed? _.2. What qualities of the mule made it an excellent beast of burden in military transport? _.3. Why cannot the elephant be strictly called a domestic animal? _.4. What animal is difficult to be controlled because of its bad temper? _.5. What animal has been trained for a long time as mans hunting companion? _.6. When did tamed cats become widely accepted in Europe? _.7. What animals can serve all the three purposes? _.8. Why did man consider honey especially valuable? _.9. Why did the cobras kill many people in India? _.10. What animals mentioned in the passage show that evolution can be controlled to some degree by man? _Exercise B Expanding VocabularyDirections: Match each italicized word in column A with one of the meanings in column B. Sometimes you can guess the meaning from the sentence where you find the word; sometimes you will have to look at what comes before and after that sentence. Be careful: there are some extra meanings in column B.Column A1. the most progressive step taken by primitive man was probably the domestication of animals. (Para. 1)2. when animals were created, a gulf opened up between Adam and the animals (Para. 2)3. Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs furnished meat, mild, or both. (Para. 4)4. The mule is a hybrid animal, produced by crossing an ass with a horse. (Para. 6)5. to haul caissons and artillery through nearly impassable terrain, (para.6)6. has been trained for centuries to stalk game. (Para. 8)7. the government dips about 2000 cats on its payroll explicitly for killing mice. (Para. 9)8. and bones can be made into tools and household utensils. (Para. 11)9. who refused to destroy them because of their supernatural qualities. (Para.13)10. Domestication has often produced variations in animals (Para.14)Column BA. animals produced from parents of different breeds or types B. walk with slow stiff strides in a proud, self-important or threatening wayC. a broad passageD. magical and mysticalE. deep hollow in the groundF. thoroughly and profoundlyG. supplied somebody with somethingH. changes or differences in structure or form I. clearly and specificallyJ. stretch of landK. number or range of different thingsL. move stealthily towards M. to be the most powerfulN. taming for the use of houseworkO. tools 11II. Wild ChildrenStarting Time: Minutes_ Seconds_ Romulus and Remus1. The early history of the city of Rome involves Romulus and Remus, two orphan boys who, legend says, were raised by a she-wolf. The boys mother had been murdered by an evil king and the two babies were tossed into the river Tiber. When the wolf found them they had washed up on the shore. She perhaps took pity on the crying of the babies and, gently picking them up in her teeth, she carried them back to her cave and fed them on her milk. The boys grew bigger and stronger and, eventually, were found by a herdsman who took them home. He and his wife raised the boys like their own children. When they reached manhood they sought revenge on the king who had killed their mother and driven them from their home.2. They decided to build a city. Unfortunately, they argued over the appropriate site and Romulus killed his brother Remus. Romulus ruled this city, called Roma, for thirty-seven years.3. The city of Rome is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. If you travel there you can see a statue of the two baby boys feeding from their mother, the wolf. Tarzan of the Apes 4. Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote a very famous story called Tarzan of the Apes. This story involves a shipwreck (船只失事) on the West coast of Africa. The passengers on the ship include a certain Lord and Lady Greystoke from England. Lord and Lady Greystoke are the only survivors of the shipwreck.5. Lord Greystoke builds a kind of shelter high up in the trees，a tree-house，for his pregnant wife and does his best to make them comfortable in their new jungle home. Lady Greystoke gives birth to a boy. They call the boy John. Unfortunately, she dies and leaves Lord Greystoke to take care of the baby on his own. Lord Greystoke is killed by an enormous ape that comes to investigate the strange house in the trees. The baby is left all alone. Fortunately, a female ape, whose baby has recently died, finds the human baby alone in the tree-house. Even though the baby is white and hairless, she feels a mothers love for it and begins to feed and take care of it. She becomes Johns mother. John ，who later takes the name Tarzan, never having known his real identity, grows strong and powerful living among the apes. He has the advantage of human intelligence and eventually grows up to be leader of the apes and, eventually, lord of the jungle.6. The books tell many stories of Tarzans adventures in the jungles, his fights with savage animals, his encounters with other human beings (many of whom are as dangerous as the animals) and his re-discovery of his true identity. 7. Tarzan eventually teaches himself to read by returning to the tree-house where he was born and finding some childrens books that his parents brought from England. He later finds out who he really is (an English Lord!) and travels to England to visit his home, where he falls in love with a young woman called Jane. The Wild Life8. Long before the arrival of Europeans on the Canadian prairie (the wide grasslands of what is now called Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba)，the First Nations people lived in a harmonious relationship with their natural surroundings. Every item of their culture, from sewing needles to homes was obtained from nature. Their homes were called teepees and were like large tents made from the skins of deer. These people tribes with names like the Blackfoot, the Peigan and the Blood people were nomadic, which means that they traveled from place to place following the animals they hunted or the growth of the berries and fruits on the bushes and trees. 9. They had horses, although horses came to North America after escaping from the Spanish explorers who brought them here to explore the areas around Mexico and Texas. Boys and girls were both expert riders. They did not use saddles or reins (缰绳) or stirrups (马镫); they rode bareback. Their clothes were made from deer skins and buffalo skins and decorated with the parts of other animals tails from squirrels and gophers (囊地鼠), quills (羽茎) from porcupines (豪猪) and the delicate bones of birds. These children of nature did not ever have to go to school. They did not have to study to get into a prestigious college, nor did they have to worry about finding a job after graduation. This does not mean their life was easy. The winters were very long and very cold and there were sometimes wars between tribes. There were also the very great dangers involved in the buffalo hunt. Warriors rode at top speed (with no saddle) beside the huge buffalo shooting arrows to bring them down. The chances of a buffalo turning suddenly or of falling off the horse were very great. We must remember that there were also no hospitals in those days.10. Even so, the young people of the tribes must have enjoyed a very pleasant lifestyle: fishing and gathering berries in summer, hunting in the forests in the early morning, dancing around the fire at night and listening to the old people tell stories and legends from long ago. Emily Carr11. Not all children who grow up inside a culture are completely influenced by that culture. Some young people find that they are more interested in nature or the culture of other people at a very young age.12. The most famous painter in Victorias history is Emily Carr. She was born in 1871 and, as a child, she discovered that walking in the woods appealed more to her than playing with other children. She discovered that she was more interested in roaming the streets of old Victoria than playing at home with dolls and spending her time brushing her hair and putting pretty ribbons in it.13. Emily was a chubby（丰满的）little girl who spent much of her childhood in Beacon Hill Park, which was very close to her family home. Drawing fascinated her, and she also liked to play with the animals she kept as pets. She had ducks and chickens, and even domesticated a crow. In later life she had several dogs and a pet monkey too! She often wandered around the streets of Victoria and was particularly interested in the First Nations people and the Chinese people she saw in Victorias Chinatown. Their culture and way of dressing seemed so distinct from her own. 14. At the age of sixteen she began to study drawing seriously. She eventually traveled to San Francisco and Paris to study art, but always returned to her beloved forests of the Pacific Northwest in the Victoria area.15. As she became a young, strong and independent woman Emily began to go on longer and longer trips into the uncharted forests to paint and draw what she saw. She loved t