英国文学史上期末复习.doc

英国文学简史General introduction of English literature 1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里乔叟代表作：French influence:Romance of the Rose 玫瑰传奇The Book Of Duchess 公爵夫人之书 Italian influence:The Legend of Good Women良妇传说 The House of Fame声誉之堂 The Parliament of Fowls百鸟议会 Troilus and Criseyde 特罗勒斯与克莱西 Maturity: The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集2. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century early 17th century) 文艺复兴-Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦(1516)-he gave a profound and truthful picture of the peoples sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯培根(1561-1626) The philosophical-The Advancement of Learning学术的推进 The literature -Essays随笔 The professional works-Thomas Wyatt托马斯 怀亚特（1503-1542） The first to introduce the sonnet into English literature（引入十四行诗的第一人） Lyrical poetry-Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙 斯宾塞（1552-1599） Poets poet 诗人中的诗人 The Faerie Queene 仙后（the greatest epic poem 史诗） The Shepheardes Calendar 牧人月历William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚(1564-1616) The most popular and the most wildly respected writer in all English literature 四大悲剧：Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth 四大喜剧：A Midsummer Nights Dream The merchant of Venice As you like it Twelfth NightChristopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗马洛 The greatest of the pioneers of English drama The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English dramaEnglish Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学-John Donne约翰 多恩 (a metaphysical poet 玄学诗人) 代表作：”the flea”(跳骚)love poem “Song”(歌) “A Valediction: Forbidden Morning”(别离辞：节哀) “Death be not proud”(死神，你莫骄傲) 死亡时永恒的，不要害怕死亡，人死后可以超生，到天堂 “The Canonization”（封圣）John Milton约翰弥尔顿(puritan) Paradise Lost失乐园 Paradise Regained复乐园 Samson Agonistes力士参孙 On his blindness On His Deceased Wife悼念我的亡妻John Bunyan 约翰班扬 The Pilgrims Progress天路历程-is written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream. 4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福 Robinson Crusoe The Review评论 Moll Flanders A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记 RoxanaJonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特 Gullivers Travel格列夫游记 The Battle of Books书籍之战 The Tale of a Tub一直桶的故事 The Drapiers Letter布商的来信 A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议 Journal to Stella给斯戴拉的日记Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁 the father of English novel -the first to write specially a “comic滑稽的 epic史诗 in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃儿Tom Jones Thomas Gray托马斯 格雷 Rural poetry Elegy written in a Country Churchyard墓园哀歌 In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of Pre-romanticism were William Blake andRobert Burns.-William Blake威廉布莱克 诗集天真之歌Songs of Innocence: The Lamb, The Chimney Sweeper1789诗集经验之歌Songs of Experience: The Tiger, London, The Chimney Sweeper1794Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯-“The poet of the peasants” (1) Political poems -The tree of Liberty (2) Satirical poems -Holy Willies Prayer, Two Dogs (3) Lyrics- Red, Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长 My Hearts on the Highland我的心在高原 一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf贝奥武甫 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻metaphor手法 3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法） 4，main characters: Beowulfthe heroKing of SwedenBeowulfs uncleHrothgar-the king of Danish nationGrendel - a sea-monsterGrendels motherFire fragan二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学 2、In terms of matters there are mainly three classes:(1)、the matter of France the Song of Roland (2)、the matter of Greece and Rome about Alexander and the fall of Troy(特洛伊战争)he (3)、the matter of Britain about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.3、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗.三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事集 (英国文学史的开端) -masterpieceHe had given us a picture of contemporary English lifeA collection of 20 complete stories and 4 fragmentsChaucers The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of _Rhymed stanzas_ instead of alliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period.The Canterbury Tales opens with a General Prologue4，贡献：Chaucers contribution to English literature and languageA, He is the “father of English poetry” and the greatest narrative poet in English poetry.B, He did much in making the dialects of London the foundation for the modern English language.C, He was the most significant poet in English literature history to write in Middle English. Chaucers creative works vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture.D, the “heroic couplet”4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式 代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯珀西主教 代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 侠盗罗宾汉和阿林代尔 其他作品： Get up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick Spens四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期 The 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.1、key word: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement 2、代表人物： 1)、Thomas More 托马斯莫尔 Utopia2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(essayist) Francis Bacon was praised by Marx as “the progenitor of English Materialism”3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞 poets poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗马洛 blank verse(无韵体)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。 6)、William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚 戏剧 drama produced 37 plays, two narrative poems, and 154 sonnets.四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白) Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeares art, the profoundest expression of Shakespeares humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.人物：Hamlet The ghostClaudiushis brotherGertrude- the Queen ,his motherRosencrantz and Guildenstern-his friendsPolonius国王的管家Opheliahis girlfriendThe Merchant of Venice-love vs. HatredLove vs. wealth人物：BassanioheroAntonio-his friendPortiaShakespeares ideal womanbeautiful, cultured, courteous, and capable of rising to an emergency.Shylock-a wealthy Jew五、The period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟 1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。 The Revolution period produced one of the most important poets in English literature, whose name is John Milton and an important prose wrier, John Bunyan.2、代表人物： 1)、John Donne 约翰多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物 2)、John Milton 约翰弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 （ poem 诗歌 blank verse ） Defense for the English People为英国人民辩护 Paradise Lost失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人 Paradise Regained复乐园重点介绍失乐园：blank verse无韵体诗歌It consists of 12 books, was based on the biblical legend of the Adam and Eve,.The image of Satan:Satan is often regarded as the real hero of the poemLike a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell.He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels.It is he who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God.Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder that overwhelmed him left his heart still unvanquished.To Milton, the proud and somber Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against unjust authority.3)、John Bunyan 约翰拜扬 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)” The Pilgrims Progress天路历程（在监狱里写的）（1687年第一次打印）（1688年死）人物：(人物的名字很有特色，譬如Help, Faithful, Goodwill等)Christian, a man wants to get rid of his burdensin and fears of his life, wants to go the Holy CityEvangelist（传道者），the Celestial KingdomHelp, the Slough of Despond(绝望谭)Apollyon(魔鬼阿伯伦)，the Valley of Humiliation(羞耻谷)City of Construction 等 考点：136页“Vanity Fair” Analysis of the work It is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. It is written in allegory and dream. It concerns the search for a spiritual salvation. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and a all kinds of social evil. Metaphor: life is like a journey. 六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动 also known as “the Age of Reason”1、18th century 文学的三个方面： Neo-Classicism(新古典主义)、Sentimentalism(伤感主义)、Pre-romanticism (前浪漫主义诗歌)、beginning of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说) 、drama(戏剧) The middle of the 18th century in England saw the inception of a new literary currentthat of sentimentalism English novel of the 18th grew with the rise of Middle Class.历史背景：（1）peaceful development （2）constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688 (3)England 的强大 （4）with the ascent of the bourgeoisie (5)the industrial revolution (6) the rise of English novel2、代表人物： 1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说 Novel：(1) “ Robinson Crusoe”鲁宾逊漂流记one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel故事追溯到17th 中叶Characters of Robinson: Courage Wisdom Positive- attitude Never give up Sense of gratitude Optimistic Perseverance Hard-workingTheme: the story presents the tremendous power of human beings: wits and courage The perseverance in his character is the crucial factors for him to achieve success. Robinson lived on the island 28 years, he made everything he needed by himself. He conquered nature in the modern life. It tells us to be strong, courageous, so as to a positive state of mind to a better life.(2)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特 ” Gullivers Travels” 格列佛游记novel反讽 作者揭示了资本主义社会的黑暗和严苛的社会等级。 考点166页Gulliver is a doctorHe made a deep-sea voyage, Described into 4 partsVoyage to Lilliput（小人国）-9个月13天Voyage to Brobdingnag（大人国）Voyage to Laputa, Balnibari, Gluebbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and JapanVoyage to the Country of Houyhnhnmsa strange nation in which the masters are the horses while the servants are the human like creature the Yahoos.( horses that are endowed with reason)Satirical features； Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny. The Lilliputians and their institutions were all about people and their institutions of England. The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians. The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing and speculations in all areas of activities such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies. The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature. “ A Modest Proposal”一个温和的建议 猛烈地抨击了压迫爱尔兰人民的统治- The figure of speech used in “A Modest Proposal” is called irony.(4) Henry Fielding and his Tom Jones(弃儿Tom Jones) Characters: Tom (an orphan) Blifil Sophiaa young woman of the day with sufficient courage and independence to defy the bad world. 5) Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷 “ Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard”墓园挽歌 ( Sympathy for the peasants who were being ruined by the Industrial Revolution .)Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB The pattern of Elegy has 3 stages of loss: First, there is a lament, where the speaker expresses grief and sorrow, Then, praise and admiration of the idealized dead, Finally, consolation（安慰） and solace（安慰）Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative6)、Oliver Goldsmiths 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist ” The Vicar of Wakefield”威克菲尔德的牧师，小说 novel ” She Stoops to Conquer”委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy ” The Deserted Village”荒村，诗歌 poems 七、The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义 1、前浪漫主义代表人物：1) William Blake 威廉布莱克 诗人 poet 2) Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poet An excellent native poet of Scotland His poems written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subject.The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is Robert BurnsPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution 前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。 2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱 1、. “art for arts sake” was put forth by _A_.A. aestheticism 2、During the Renaissance, _C_ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry.C. Thomas Wyatt3、Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between _A_ and _ centuries.A. 14th.mid-17th4、. _(P152). A_ is the successful religious allegory(讽喻，寓言) in the English language.A. The Pilgrims Progress5、Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeares Sonnet 18? CC. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation6、Which of the following has / have associations with John Donnes poetry? B. conceits and wits 7. In 1066, the Normans headed by Duke William, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. This marked the beginning of feudalism in England and England entered into feudal society. 8、 Chaucers The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of rhymed (metrical) stanza instead of alliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period. 9、 The Pilgrims Progress is the masterpiece of John Bunyan (the writer), written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of dream and allegory, in which the main character is Christian . 10. In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his battlefield? (7 points) Answer: 1) Paradise Lost was written by John Milton. (1points) 2) The Garden of Eden is the most perfect of spot ever created by God ; (2 points) 3) There live in innocent bliss Gods masterpiece, the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, w