句法基础知识.doc

句法基础知识一、 简单句 只含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。简单句一般可分为五种基本句型。1.主+系+表（S+Link verb+C）表语类型例 句名 词She turned a lawyer.她当了律师。代 词-Who is it ? 你是谁 ？ -Its me. 是我。数 词He will be 16 next year.他明年满十六岁了。形 容 词It is getting colder.天气渐渐冷起来。副 词He is up and about.他能起来活动了。非谓语动词（短语）To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing.眼见为实。介词短语It appears of no value.它似乎没价值。从 句His hair looked as if it had been electrified.他的头发看起来像触了电似的。Her cry sounded that she was in great danger.从她的喊声听起来好像她处于险境之中。2.主+不及物动词 （S+Vi）The phone rings. 电话响了。The rain stopped. 雨停了。注意：表示“时间、距离、程度”的名词（短语）作状语，不要误当成宾语。如：Weve worked five hours. 我们已工作了五小时。They have come a long way. 他们从大老远来。The temperature fell several degrees. 气温降了几度。3、主+及物动词+宾 （S+Vt+O）We study English. 我们学英语。 The children are playing cards. 孩子们在打牌。 The police stopped the car. 警方拦截了这辆车。4、主+及物动词+间宾+直宾（S+Vt+IO+DO）My parents bought me a new coat. 我父母给我买了件新外衣。 I gave him some money. 我给了他一些钱。He asked me a question. 他问了我一个问题。注意：当直接宾语和间接宾语的位置倒置时，它们之间要加入适当的介词来连接。依据动词的不同，介词可能是to、for、of等。如上述例句可分别改写为：My parents bought a new coat for me.I gave some money to him.He asked a question of me.5、主+及物动词+宾+宾补（S+Vt+O+C） I think the job easy. 我认为这个工作容易。We elected him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。I saw him go out. 我看到他出去了。注意：宾语过长或需要强调宾补时，可将宾语置于宾补后。如：She kept open the windows which were newly painted. 她让刚漆过的窗户敞开着。当宾语是不定式、动名词或从句时，常用it作形式宾语。把真正的宾语置于宾补后。如：Max found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国形式很重要。I must make it clear that everyone must obey the rules here. 我必须澄清：人人务必守这儿的规矩。二、 并列句 由两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构构成的简单句用“并列连词”或“连接副词”连在一起叫并列句。其中的每一个简单句称为“并列分句”。并列分句间主要有以下几种关系：关系连接词例 句联合andnot only , but (also)neither , nor nor1. I often help him and he often helps me.2. Not only did he like it, but his wife (also) was satisfied .3. John doesnt smoke, (and) nor does his wife.转折butwhile (而)when(那时)howeveryet still1. Its not cheap,but its very good.2. She is weak while her son is strong.3. It is strange, yet it is true.4. He has treated you badly；still, hes your brother and you ought to help him.因果and and so sofor therefore thus then1. He coughed badly and so he went to the doctors.2. Ill not do that,for it would be of no use.3. She studied hard, thus she passed the exam.选择or or else either or otherwise1. You can boil an egg, or you can make some sandwiches.2. Either you are mad,or I am .3. Work harder, otherwise, youll fail. 三 、 复合句包含有两个（或更多）的主谓结构，其中的一个（或更多的）主谓结构充当句子的某一（些）成分，这样的句子就叫复合句。充当句子成分的主谓结构称为从句。从句分为名词性从句（含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、状语从句（副词性从句）、定语从句（形容词性从句）。如：1.That most of these are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain. (主语从句)2.They realise that it is of great value to record and teach them to the younger generation. (宾语从句)3.Some people feel that Wales is an ancient fairy land. (表语从句)4.The fact that Great Britain is made up of three countries is still unknown to many. (同位语从句)5.Ill tell him when he comes back. (时间状语从句)6.Where there is a will, there is a way. (地点状语从句)7.Since no one is against it, lets carry out the plan. (原因状语从句)8.He sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in good time.（目的状语从句）9.It was such a good day (It was so good a day) that we all went swimming. (结果状语从句)10.He didnt stop working though he was ill.（让步状语从句）11.You will fail unless you study hard.（条件状语从句）12.They are talking as if they had seen a ghost. (方式状语从句)13.He doesnt run as fast as Jack (does). (比较状语从句)14.A plane is a machine that can fly. (限制性定语从句)15.I spent a whole afternoon with John, who was very friendly and helpful. (非限制性定语从句)四、名词性从句 在复合句中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据所起作用的不同，名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四种类型。 引导名词性从句的词分为连接词、连接代词、连接副词三种。 连词分类词语意 义从句中所作成分连接词that无意义不作任何成分if/whether是否不作任何成分连接代词who(ever)(无论)谁主语、表语whom(ever)(无论)谁宾语whose(ever)(无论)谁的主语、宾语、表语、定语which(ever)(无论)那个（些）主语、宾语、表语、定语what(ever)(无论)什么主语、宾语、表语、定语连接副词when什么时间状语where什么地方状语how怎样、如何状语why为什么状语1. 主语从句Whoever makes mistakes must correct them.Where we will go hasnt been decided yet.That light travels in straight lines is known to all. It known to all that light travels in straight lines.that引导的主语从句常用it作形式主语。主要有以下四种句型：（1）it+be+名词+that从句，如：It is a pity that she didnt come to the party.It is (high) time that we got down to work.It is the first time that I have come to Beijing.用于此句型的名词有：pity, time, shame, wonder, fact, news, honour, question, duty, responsibility等。（2）it+be+形容词+that从句，如：It is certain that he will pass the final examination.It is necessary that we (should) have a good knowledge of basic English.用于此句型的形容词有：certain, uncertain, sure, doubtful, clear, better, important, possible, likely, natural, necessary等。（3）it+be+过去分词+that从句,如：It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.It is said that he is very rich.用于此句型的过去分词有：said, believed, reported, known, suggested, thought等。（4）it+不及物动词+that从句，如：It seems that he has known the secret.It happened that I had no money with me.用于此句型的不及物动词有seem, happen, appear, turn out, doesnt/didnt matter等。2. 宾语从句He said ( that ) he was going to study in Canada.I dont know where I can get the ticket.She asked whether you had received her letter.He made it clear that he didnt like the job.3. 表语从句The fact is that we have lost the game.The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus. The important thing is what a man does, not what he says.as if,because,as 有时也可引导表语从句，如：Things were not as they seemed to be.It looks as if it is going to rain.It is because he doesnt know her.4. 同位语从句The idea that computers can recognise human voices surprises many people.The news that we won the game is exciting.There is a feeling in me that well never know what a UFO is-not ever.The story goes that William Teler killed the tyrant with an arrow.They had no idea at all where he had gone.同位语从句用来对前面的名词进行解释、说明。这类名词主要有news, fact, idea, hope, wish, promise, reason, doubt, belief, suggestion, advice, question, possibility, thought, reply, order, problem, report, message, information, truth, request, word, rumour等。注意同位语从句和定语从句的区别：The news that Tom won the first prize is true.The news ( that )Tom told me is true.The order that we should return at once hasnt reached us.The day when we should return hasnt been decided.注意：同位语从句用以进一步说明前面名词的内容，前面的名词与从句没有逻辑上的关系。定语从句用以对前面的名词进行修饰限定，前面的名词与从句有逻辑关系。它充当从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。五、定语从句定语从句在复合句中修饰、限定某一名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系词及其功用关系词先行词在从句中的成分关系代词who人主语、宾语、表语whom人动词宾语介词宾语which1.事、物2.主句全句或部分内容主语、宾语、表语、定语whose人、事、物从句中某名词的定语that人、事、物主语、宾语、表语as1.人、事、物2.主句全句或部分内容主语、宾语、表语关系副词that表时间、地点reason,way,manner等的名词时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、方式状语as表时间、地点reason,way,manner等的名词时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、方式状语when时间名词时间状语where地点名词地点状语whyreason原因状语1.关系代词that和which先行词是物时，关系代词that和which可以通用，但有时有区别。只能用that的情况：（1）先行词为不定代词（all,nothing,the one,much等）或被不定代词修饰时，如：You can take any seat that is free.Tell us all that you know.（2）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，如：That is the first composition that Ive written in English.（3）先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时，如：This is the best that has been used against pollution.（4）当人和物同为先行词时，如：Everyone wants tosee the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth.（5）先行词是be的表语时或关系词在从句中作表语时，如：Its a book that will help you a lot.He is no longer the man (that ) he used to be.（6）先行词被the only,the very 修饰时，如： That is the very pen ( that ) I am looking for.（7）当先行词是which时，如： Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?（8）先行词为the way, the time, the moment, the first time, the last time等名词时,如：I dont like the way (that) he talks.This is the third time (that) he has been late this week.注意：此时that为关系副词，若先行词没有被the first/the last修饰时，用均that/when可。如：The time that/when I saw you was 8:00.（9）定语从句套定语从句，其中一个关系词已用which时，如：He built a factory which prouduced things that had never been seen before.只用which的情况：（1）关系代词前有介词或介词短语时，如：Here is a book about which I told you yesterday.（2）非限制性定语从句中，如：The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we expected.（3）先行词后有插入语时，如：Here is the English book which, as Ive told you,will help improve your English.（4）为避免重复时，如：I told them a story last night, which that had been made up by me was very interesting.2.关系代词as和whichAs is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.Mary was late for school, as is often the case.The meeting, which was held in the park, was a success.The meeting was a success, as was expected.She has married again, as was expected.She has maried again, which was unexpected.3. who和that先行词是人时，关系代词可用who(m), that 引导定语从句。但下列情况一般用who,而不用that.(1) 先行词是one, ones, anyone, anybody, those时，如：Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.(2)一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个的关系词是that时，如：The students that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class.(3)在there be句型中和非限制性定语从句中，如：There is a person who wants to see you.I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company.4关系代词whosewhose+名词引导的定语从句可以改为the+名词+of whom（指人时）或 the +名词+of which（指物时）来引导，如：I went to see my friends the Smiths, whose children I used to look after when they were small.= I went to see my friends the Smiths, the children of whom I used to look after when they were small.He has written a book whose name Ive forgotten.= He has written a book the name of which Ive forgotten.= He has written a book that Ive forgotten the name of.= He has written a book of which Ive forgotten the name.5关系词的省略（1）作宾语的关系代词可以省略，但前面不能有介词，如：This is the man (who/whom/that) we have talked about.（2）关系代词作表语时可以省略，如：Beijing is no longer the city (that ) it used to be.（3）口语中，关系副词可以省略（尤其是先行词为way, reason, time等）时，如：This is the reason (why) I did it.6关系副词when/where/why可以改为介词+which的形式October 1, 1949 is the day when (= on which) the Peoples Republic of China was founded.Ill never forget the time when (= during which) we worked on the farm.Do you remember the afternoon when (= on which) we first met three years ago?I didnt get a pay rise,but this wasnt the reason why (= for which)I left.The reason why (= for which) he was late was that he missed his train.This is the place where (= at/in which) we first met.The hotel where (= in which)we stayed wasnt very clean.I recently went to the town where (= in which) I was born.where 在定语从句中除了指代具体的地点外，还可以指代抽象意义的地点概念。如先行词为point, situation, condition, case等，且关系词在从句中作状语时，定语从句引导词用，意为“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。如：I can think of many cases where students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and what is wrong.六、状语从句状语从句是在复合句中作状语的从句。状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句。1. 时间状语从句引导词：when, while, as, before, after, since, until/till, once, every/each time, whenever, no soonerthan, hardly/scarcely when, as soon as, the monent(minute, day, year, morning ), directly, immediately等。如：Each time he came to my city, he could call on me.The monent I heard the song, I felt cheerful.Hardly had the train left when we got to the station.I knew I had made a mistake directly I handed in my paper.Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.2. 地点状语引导词：where, wherever, everywhere,anywhere等。如：Make a mark wherever you have any questions.We will go where the Party direct us.3. 原因状语从句引导词：becsuse, as, since, for, now( that ), seeing( that ), considering( that ),in that等。如：Since /Now that everybody is here,lets begin our meeting.Why were you absent from the class yeaterday? Bcause I was ill.It must have raine last night, for the ground is wet.4目的状语从句引导词：so that, in order that, in case(that), for fear that, lest等。如：They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.Put on more clothes for fear that you might catch a cold.5.结果状语从句引导词：so, so that, so that, such that等。如：We turned on the radio,so that everyone heard the news.He was so excited that he couldnt say a word.6.让步状语从句引导词：although/though, even if/though, as, while, whether or, 疑问词+ever (whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, however), no matter+疑问词（what/who/when） 等。如：While I object, Ill say nothing.Object as you may, I will go.Child as he is , he knows a lot.7.条件状语从句引导词：if, unless, as/so long as, in case(that), if only, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposed/supposing(that)等。如：As/So long as you dont lose heart, youll succeed.What will you do first in case there is a fire?The air will get worse unless the government take actions to stop pollution.Supposed/Supposing that they refuse us ,who else can we turn to for help?8.方式状语从句引导词：as, as though/if, the way等。如：The teacher asked us to do as he did.I remembered the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. He opened his lips as if he was to say something.9.比较状语从句引导词：than, asas, not as/so as, the+比较级the+比较级等。如：The population of our town is larger than that of theirs.He doesnt run as fast as Jack.The more you read, the better you understand.七、主谓一致主谓一致遵循三项原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1. 两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：Wuang Gang and Zhou Lan were here a moment ago.My brother and I have seen the film.Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China.注意：若不表示并列意义，而是连接两个意义上表示同一人、同一物或同一概念，或有两个构件组成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。如：The professor and writer is speaking at thfe meeting.War and peace is constant theme in history.One more knife and fork is needed .When and where to go has not been decided.2. 集体名词group, family, army, enemy, government等作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式，如果强调个体，谓语动词用复数形式。如：My family is a large and good one.The family are on holiday in Europe.The army is going to remain in Iraq. The army have rescued the travelers.3. 集合名词cattle, police, people, folk, youth, majority, public等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The police are searching for the thief.The cattle were still grazing in the field.The majority were on Toms side.4.由each, every, many a, more than one, no等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：Many a student has realised the importance of learning English.No aound and no voice is heard. Many a boy and (many a) girl has made the same mistake.5.当作主语的两个名词或代词由or, either or , neither nor , not only , but also 连接时，谓语动词通常与临近的名词或代词一致。如：Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.Neither he nor I have finished the experiment.Not only his family but he (also) likes Chaplins movies.6.there和 here 引导的句子，主语不只一个时，谓语与临近的名词或代词一致。如：There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.Here are some envelopes and paper for you.7.主语后接说明主语的修饰语，如用with,together with, along with, as well as, like, unlike, not, no less than, rather than, including, besides, but, expect, as much as, in addition to等与修饰语连接，谓语动词不受修饰语的影响，仍保持与主语一致的关系。如：The teacher as well as students was excited.A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.Mr. White, together with his wife and sons, is to arrive in the evening flight.8.当名词中心词是表示度量、时间、距离、价格、金钱、重量等的复数名词，往往将其视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.Ten dollars is enough for him.Fifty kilogrammes is not too heavy to be carried.9.主语从句、动名词、不定式做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：What he would like most for a birthday present is a camera.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.Where to fing him and how to fing him is not known to us.注意：(1)当从句表示复数概念时，动词用复数形式。如：what we need badly are English teachers.(2)当两个从句由and连接作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如： What I think and what I say are no business of you.10.“分数，百分数，部分，许多”等意义构成主语部分，其谓语动词的单复数视其指代的意义来定。如：The rest of the spelling exercise are to be done as your homework.The rest of the food is to be kept in the frige.The first two questions are very difficult, but the rest are easy.11.定语从句的谓语动词与先行词保持一致。如：I, who am your friend, will leave for Canada.Those who havent handed in their compositions,please hand them in tomorrow morning.12.形式为复数，意义为单数的“成双”的名词，如：trousers, shoes, gloves, clothes, stocks等。谓语动词一般用复数。如：My blue trousers have been worn out.但有a/this/that pair of修饰时，则用单数。如：This pair of trousers is black.八、倒装英文句子中，主语通常位于谓语动词的前面，这种语序叫自然语序。如果句中的谓语动词在主语的前面，这样的语序叫倒装句。倒装句分为完全倒装和部分倒装。1. 完全倒装（1）在there be （be可换成 seem, live, stand, lie, appear, exist, come,go等动词）句型中，如：Long, long ago there lived a king who liked horse very much.Since you have repaired my TV set,there is no need for me to buy a new one.（2）such 在句中作表语或定语位于句首时，如：Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.Such a moving film was it that they were all lost in thought after it was over.（3）以there, here, nqw, then, thus等引起的句子，谓语动词为be,come, go时，如：Here are some picture-books.Then came a new difficulty.若主语时代词，则不用倒装，如：Here they are.（4）以down, up, out, away等表示位置转移的副词位于句首时，如：Up went the arrow into the sky.In came the teacher.若主语为代词时，则句子不用倒装，如：Out he rushed.（5）地点状语位于句首，变成强调地点时，如：On top of the hill stands a temple where the old man once lived.（6）形容词，分词作表语提到句首，为了描述生动或平衡句子结构时，如：Standing beside the window was a boy aged about six.Seated in the first line are some