GMAT_RC_阅读总结.doc

GMAT阅读理解总结GMAT_RC_阅读总结 五号字体 打印 p1-13 目 录 GMAT阅读复习方法4一、总结4二、单词4三、难句4四、狗狗4GMAT阅读基础4一、题材类型41.自然科学42.社会科学43.经济管理4二、结构类型41.结构类型的区分42.新老观点型53.现象解释型54.问题解决型55.结论说明型56.比较分析型5三、作者态度51.正评价52.负评价53.混合评价：大正小负54.混合评价：大负小正5四、语言现象51.强转折52.强因果63.强对比64.强调词65.专有名词66.三种标点符号67.判断句6GMAT阅读方法7一、最高原则7二、阅读任务71.找出结构类型72.找出主题句73.找出主体词74.找出主体评价75.找出代表人物7三、笔记内容71.主题句72.主体及评价73.强对比74.强转折7四、快速阅读71.难句分析72.合理化取舍83.推测8五、出题点9GMAT解题方法9一、解题技巧91.阅读题目92.原文定位103.同义变换10二、客观题101.事实题102.取非题103.举例题104.列举题115.逻辑题116.信息题117.类比题11三、主观题121.主题题122.态度题12OG12阅读理解14一、阅读理解试题14Passage 114Passage 215Passage 316Passage 418Passage 519Passage 622Passage 723Passage 825Passage 926Passage 1028Passage 1129Passage 1231Passage 1333Passage 1435Passage 1537Passage 1639Passage 1741Passage 1842Passage 1944Passage 2046Passage 2148Passage 2250Passage 2352Passage 2454二、阅读理解答案56GWD阅读理解56一、阅读理解试题56GWD-TN-14 Passage 156GWD-TN-14 Passage 257GWD-TN-14 Passage 358GWD-TN-14 Passage 460GWD-TN-15 Passage 161GWD-TN-15 Passage 262GWD-TN-15 Passage 364GWD-TN-15 Passage 465GWD-TN-16 Passage 166GWD-TN-16 Passage 267GWD-TN-16 Passage 369GWD-TN-16 Passage 470GWD-TN-17 Passage 171GWD-TN-17 Passage 272GWD-TN-17 Passage 374GWD-TN-17 Passage 475第76页GMAT阅读复习方法一、总结二、单词建立自己的阅读单词本，以动词为主。三、难句 记录和整理阅读难句四、狗狗 自己列提纲，剔除残狗，两遍以上，记住结构、问题和答案。GMAT阅读基础一、题材类型1. 自然科学重点是生命科学。注意区分fact和stuff，以及它们之间的逻辑。2. 社会科学 重点是美国历史，弱势群体（女性、黑人、少数民族）。注意列举。3. 经济管理 宏观与微观。注意推理，以及支持和反对。二、结构类型1. 结构类型的区分不要光看开头，看后面如何展开现象解释型：为什么？ 问题解决型：如何改变？结论解释型：有什么内容？2. 新老观点型老：1)喜新厌旧：traditionally / once / old / recently / until recently / 老时间 2)标新立异：most / many / frequent(ly) / usually / common新：强转折however，新观点易在第一段中部或第二段开头出现主题句：明确代表新观点的那句话3. 现象解释型 现象：自然科学：自然现象社会科学：史实(人物、时间、事件)解释：原因，主体，评价(即为什么发生？如何发生？)：往往有多个理论，其写法、主体、评价、代表人物。主题句：正确的解释。(也可能没有，那就“看过程不看结果”。)4. 问题解决型 问题：疑问、任务疑问标志：疑问词how或what / question / puzzle / problem / 问号任务标志：task / difficulty / challenge / problem / criteria / requirement解决：疑问回答；任务完成，对多个方案的主体词和评价的注意主题句：正确的方案/答案5. 结论说明型结论：判断句解释：有什么内容，具体展开主题句：开头的结论6. 比较分析型 对多个观点或方案进行比较，找出优缺点，他们之间的关系是平行关系，比如经济发展的编年史。不一定有单一主题句。三、作者态度1. 正评价2. 负评价3. 混合评价：大正小负4. 混合评价：大负小正四、语言现象1. 强转折虽然：(al)though（强调后者）, while但是：but, yet, whereas, however in fact-actually nevertheless-nonetheless rather-instead despite-in spite of注意： 极端转折(最后半句是想说的) 多重转折(粉笔是白的，可是有些粉笔是黑的；不过大多数情况下粉笔是白的，但不要忘了有变黑的可能性哦！强调黑)2. 强因果表因为：because (of) / since / for / 冒号 表所以：thus / hence / therefore / lead to / result in / result from / lie in表结论：conclude / conclusion / conclusive表后果：consequent(ly) / consequence3. 强对比 1)传统对比词：A. unlike(相反) B. contrast C. on the other hand D. on the contrary 2)时间状语：A. before 1975 B. prior to C. in the 1950s D. recently E. until recently 取非题： Unlike B, A is .，出题：B is ?4. 强调词 1)最高级 普通最高级：most / least / -est 顺序最高级：first, last 频率最高级：always / never 程度最高级：foremost / uttermost / utmost 2)唯一性 only / sole(ly) / unique(ly) / exclusive(ly) / alone(后置) 3)比较级 more than / less than（与其说不如说）/ asas / similar to / the same as慎重对待题干中的最高级、比较级5. 专有名词 人名、物种(动植物)、化学物质、地名，做首字母提取。6. 三种标点符号 1)引号引用某人原话表强调表负评价 2)括号、破折号表插入、补充、解释7. 判断句定性结论、提纲挈领1)谓语动词 2)系动词、情态动词 be / remain / seem / can / cannot / may / might 3)自由褒贬词his view changed our attitudehis view successfully（正）changed our attitudehis curiously（负）changed our attitude（curiously：奇怪，居然）his penetrating（正）view changed our attitude his brazen（负）view changed our attitudeGMAT阅读方法一、最高原则主动阅读（快读文章慢做题）、原文定位（做笔记）、同义变换。阅读水平提高的阶段： 第一阶段：靠记忆 第二阶段：靠定位和笔记 第三阶段：靠结构二、阅读任务1. 找出结构类型找出每个段落或层次，作者在写法上做了什么工作，包括：提出现象、提出解释、提出一个方法、提出一个问题、驳斥一个理论、验证一个理论。2. 找出主题句 根据结构类型找出文章的主题句。3. 找出主体词找出每个段落或层次的主体词、关键词是什么。4. 找出主体评价找出作者对每个主体有什么评价(与态度题密切相关)。5. 找出代表人物 找出每个段落或层次中主体行为的代表人物。三、笔记内容A4幅面，上下分开，标上段号1，2，31. 主题句如：2L10ts（topic sentence）表示第2段第10行有主题句2. 主体及评价记录每段/层次的主体词及评价3. 强对比如：1L5C（Contrast）表示第1段第5行有强转折Contrast4. 强转折 如：1L5H（However）表示第1段第5行有强转折However四、快速阅读1. 难句分析 结构：主干(主谓宾、主系表) / 修饰成分(大句子倒着分析，先找修饰成分) 词：adj. adv. 短语(介词短语)：in the 1970s 从句(定语从句、状语从句) 把修饰成分用括号括起来，括不进去的就是主干 从句结束的位置：谓语动词/非谓语动词(现在分词、过去分词、不定式) 从句在无列举(无AND)的情况下，一般只能有一个谓语动词，所以从句在其开始的第一个和第二个谓语动词之间结束。2. 合理化取舍1)论点、论据、论证 论点：尽量看懂。尤其是表原因、方式的：by / through / via / by doing专业性文章：找主体词 论据(举例、列举、数据、史实) 举例： 紧跟结论的例子可以不看（如不放心，只看例子是关于谁的） 篇幅在5行之内（机考就是7-8行之内，不足半屏）的例子可以不看 出现在多个段落中的“例子”必须看(这种情况较少) 列举： 小列举：列四项的小列举看，记住其位置 大列举： 找出标志词：first, second, in addition, finally 找出列举中的主体词 数据；一个数字必须看，多个数字连续出现可以不看(因其十分明显，易于定位) 史实：人物、时间、事件(找动词) 、地点 论证(找关系) 因果：弄清论点和论据，哪几行是因，哪几行是果；是前因后果，还是前果后因。 并列或递进：发生在多个论据之间furthermore, moreover, in addition to first,一个原因second,一个原因 1, 2, however（第三个原因最重要）2)不知道该不该看时，试探性地阅读，找整个句子的主语、谓语3)整个文章的处理顺序 文章结构=重点细节（主体词）=做题（查细节） 阅读时间：做题时间 = 1：2或者2：34)不能舍掉的东西： 强转折、强对比 “古怪”的语言：文章后半部分出现的新名词、临近结尾的转折、英文成语、修辞方法(主要是比喻)、不正常的“复合词”(作者生造出来的用 HYPHEN连接的词) surprisingly / unfortunately / paradoxically / ironically开头的句子3. 推测遇到单词或句子不理解时，从前后就近之处寻找相同题材的其他说法，如没有强转折、强对比，则它们的意思应该大体相同，正负评价应该一致；如有强转折、强对比，五、出题点1.主题：主题题包括内容性、写法性有明确主题句的文章出内容性主题题；套路清晰的文章出写法性主题题；套路特别清晰出organization题。2.混和评价：态度题3.强对比：取非题4.强因果：事实题、改善题直接事实题(直接就原因或结果提问)改善题(由于某个原因导致某个理论“不好”)回文找、取非5.比较级：事实题、取非题正着出：直接事实题反着出：取非题6.举例：举例题举例作用题in order to7.列举：列举题记位置8.延伸性内容：事实题转为出题而设置直接事实题从前不从后原则(主题题中不能选延伸性内容的同意变换)9.强调性语言和古怪的语言最高级、唯一性、比较级、引号、括号、破折号10.人物尤其是引用其原话的(老观点中的不用看)11.罗嗦内容出现三四次12.普遍性原理某句话的适用范围超过了文章的适用范围，这句话就是普遍性原理。（as we all know）GMAT解题方法一、解题技巧1. 阅读题目1)分清四种错误选项偏：以偏概全混：张冠李戴，A说成B反：与原文相反无：原文没说或无法判断2)慎重对待含有最高级、唯一性、比较级的选项3)不要用非出题段落的内容来解答这个问题 特殊：问每段开头时可以用上段结尾的内容来做题，反之亦然。4)长选项竖读法纵向比较所有选项，尤其是开头。找到其中相同的语言部分。如果某几个选项中的相同语言对这个题有用，先看这几个选项；否则先看其他选项，或先看这几个选项的差异部分。5) 二选一时，找出区别，重新看问题，选答案2. 原文定位1)基本操作：主体词和评价文章：主体词题干：主体词回文中找相应语言就是原文定位。2)特殊情况1)如果题干主体在文中多处出现，先看其首次出现之处2)若题干主体与文章主题有关，那么定位在主题句。3. 同义变换所谓“同义变换”，就是把文中的内容换成同义词或者变换句型，而意思保持不变。比如，文章说“fail to link”，到了题目里，改成“fail to relate”就是正确答案。再比如，“synthesize”改成“connect”，“broaden”改成“expand”，复杂一点的“lack access to”改成“not had sufficient opportunity to acquire”等。二、客观题1. 事实题对文中事实正面提问定位(问的是哪一块东西，建立在读文章时对每段的基本总结，如主体词等，的基础上)同义变换(换词、换句式)2. 取非题1)对比题(由强对比出题)2)改善题(虚拟+改善) 用虚拟语气问一个事物或理论怎样会变得更好回文中找缺点，然后取非（针对不好的才会出改善题） better / improve / more illuminating / more enlightening / more convincing 文：犯罪率是不好研究的，因为总人口不确定。 问：怎样才能搞好犯罪率的研究？ 答：弄清总人口。3)改善题的变体 回文中找优点，然后取非。3. 举例题不是例子题有in order to也当例子题做。窍门：先看开头为give an example of / illustrate的选项标准做法： 1)找例子的结论 for example / instance, such as, like (先结论后举例) 因果关系词(先举例后结论) 无语言现象，先按第一种做 2)同义变换4. 列举题1)小列举(文中用逗号隔开的) 列出四项会出“排除题”EXCEPT(回文中定位) 不是四项的不用看。2)大列举(FIRST, SECOND,) “罗马数字题”(回原文定位) 特殊情况：有些罗马数字题与大列举无关，是信息题。5. 逻辑题1)支持题support / strengthenA.搭桥法：把缺的条件补上去B.罗嗦法：直接重复结论 C.具体事例法：举文章没说的例子作正面论据2)反对题 weaken / undermine / call into question / cast doubt onA.釜底抽薪：反对原因B.欲擒故纵：反证法 用虚拟语气承认B对，推出一个矛盾、谬误或不可能的情况，结论：B不成立C.抬杠法：反对结论D.他因法：存在其他原因法 反对A推出B，证C推出B即可。3)例题题干：唐人街40%的集资合同是用C方式集资的，说明中国人最喜欢C 釜底抽薪：1.研究表明唐人街95%以上的集资合同都是朝鲜人和越南人签的 2.有53%是A方式的 欲擒故纵：如果中国人最喜欢C的话，那么今天唐人街就不会有任何一家中餐馆了 抬杠法：研究表明中国人就是不喜欢C集资方式 他因法：美国法律规定唐人街必须有40%的合同是用C方式集资的 搭桥法：唐人街95%以上的集资合同是中国人签的，而且没有其他集资方式超过C 啰嗦法：研究表明中国人的确最喜欢C集资方式 具体事例法：纽约、芝加哥和洛杉矶三大城市的中国人最喜欢C方式6. 信息题问法： 1) which of the following is (not) true? 2)文章的信息(没)回答下列哪个问题？ 3)作者(不)同意下列哪种说法？类型： 1)有定位的of, about, concerning, regarding (关于) 2)无定位的(花时间多、不一定能作对，可舍弃) 根据对全文的整体把握，逐个判断选项。7. 类比题问法：which of the following is most similar to the situation in? (analogous to / parallel / consistent with)解法：抓本质特征三、主观题1. 主题题1.问法：main idea / primary idea / main purpose / thesis, mainly concerned with, organization, best title2.分类：内容性主题题：关键词、细节写法性主题题：结构、写法动词，describe, explain, summarize, refute区分：从选项上3.做法：内容性： 1)如文中有明确主题句，对其进行同义变换 2)无明确主题句，用“三出现原则”：重要关键词(主体词)必须出现； 细节内容不能出现；新内容不能出现。 3)主题题包含态度时，选出来的选项的态度应与文中保持一致写法性： 1)一切要从套路出发来做 2)特殊情况： A.organization：文章套路“特别清晰”(板块分明)时考 B.特别套路：评述某人理论/著作：多数属于结论解释型，少数属于现象解释型。在做主题题的时候，直接选评述某人理论/著作这样的说法。在特别套路中，作者一般避免给全正或全负的评价，而是给混和评价。4.二原则：1)从前不从后： “延伸性内容”：在文末或某段段末出现的与主体关系不密切并可能“升华”到更高高度的内容(“跑题”的内容，与主题无关)。如文章前后出现了不一样的重点、不一样的结论，那么以前面的为主题，后面的为延伸性内容。2)从大不从小： 文章开头或主题句中的评价是大评价(让步和转折除外)2. 态度题1.判断依据：1)判断句(系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词)2)某些引号表负评价3)某些实义动词表评价，尤其在研究类的文章中： A.负：fail to / overestimate / underestimate / exaggerate / misinterpret / misrepresent / ignore（主观） / neglect / overlook B.正：find / discover / show / demonstrate / prove / confirm / determine4)让步：前半句是假话；后半句是真正要说的，转折：一般大负小正。A. it is true / correct / of course, 强转折 B. no doubt / without doubt / undoubtedly, 强转折 C.助动词do / may / seem / appear, 强转折5)从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是大评价。2.做题注意事项： 1)顺序 先在文中找到评价，再看选项，不要先看选项2)混和评价的正确选项的表达方式： A.but / and 如：critical but admiring (大正小负) correct but limited correct and incomplete B.由修饰词所限定的评价词： partially (correct); qualified (approval)(打了折扣的，有限制的)； guarded (criticism) (慎重的)；tentative (acceptance)(暂时的，尝试性的) reluctant (criticism)(不情愿的)；enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation 3)避免极端选项： A.对于讲义中所列的词，不要自己再增加新的。 B.极端选项排除法只是个辅助的方法，适用范围较窄。OG12阅读理解一、阅读理解试题Passage 1题材类型：经济管理结构类型：结论说明型组织方式：总分，批评=理由1=理由2=改进主要对象：ecoefficiency作者态度：Ecoefficiency (measures to minimize environmental impact through the reduction or elimination of waste from production processes) has become a goal for companies worldwide, with many realizing significant cost savings from such innovations. Peter Senge and Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simply adopting ecoefficiency innovations could actually worsen environmental stresses in the future. Such innovations reduce production waste but do not alter the number of products manufactured nor the waste generated from their use and discard; indeed, most companies invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is no guarantee that increased economic growth from ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways, since in todays global markets, greater profits may be turned into investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and species than would a smaller, less ecoefficient economy. Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global environment and sustain economic growth, businesses must develop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste. Focusing exclusively on ecoefficiency, which offers a compelling business case according to established thinking, may distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models.Questions 13 refer to the passage above.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to （主旨）(A) explain why a particular business strategy has been less successful than was once anticipated (B) propose an alternative to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage (C) present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuing a particular business strategy (D) make a case for applying a particular business strategy on a larger scale than is currently practiced (E) suggest several possible outcomes of companies failure to understand the economic impact of a particular business strategy 2. The passage mentions which of the following as a possible consequence of companies realization of greater profits through ecoefficiency? （细节）(A) The companies may be able to sell a greater number of products by lowering prices. (B) The companies may be better able to attract investment capital in the global market. (C) The profits may be reinvested to increase economic growth through ecoefficiency. (D) The profits may be used as investment capital for industries that are not ecoefficient. (E) The profits may encourage companies to make further innovations in reducing production waste. 3. The passage implies that which of the following is a possible consequence of a companys adoption of innovations that increase its ecoefficiency? （细节）(A) Company profits resulting from such innovations may be reinvested in that company with no guarantee that the company will continue to make further improvements in ecoefficiency. (B) Company growth fostered by cost savings from such innovations may allow that company to manufacture a greater number of products that will be used and discarded, thus worsening environmental stress. (C) A company that fails to realize significant cost savings from such innovations may have little incentive to continue to minimize the environmental impact of its production processes. (D) A company that comes to depend on such innovations to increase its profits and growth may be vulnerable in the global market to competition from old-style eco-inefficient industries. (E) A company that meets its ecoefficiency goals is unlikely to invest its increased profits in the development of new and innovative ecoefficiency measures.Passage 2题材类型：自然科学结构类型：现象解释型组织方式：总分总，发现=排除其他解释=提出合理解释（结论）主要对象：predator-prey作者态度：A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species. In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivoresin particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.Questions 48 refer to the passage above.4. The primary purpose of the passage is to （主旨）(A) present several explanations for a well-known fact (B) suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate (C) argue in favor of a controversial theory (D) question the methodology used in a study (E) discuss the implications of a research finding 5. According to the passage, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area （细节）(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions (B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures (C) populated the La Brea area more densely (D) consumed their prey more thoroughly (E) found it harder to obtain sufficient prey 6. According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by （细节）(A) the aging process in individual carnivores (B) contact between the fossils in the pits (C) poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pits (D) the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of their prey (E) the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills 7. The researchers conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that （逻辑）(A) the older an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures (B) the average age at death of a present-day carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore (C) in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individuals (D) the methods used to determine animals ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals (E) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores 8. According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded that （推论）(A) the difference in breakage frequencies cou