定语从句 ( 教研 更新版).doc

江南中校区 陈志广语法专题：定语从句一、概念1、定义 用来修饰一个词的句子，在语法上叫定语从句。这个被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句须放在被修饰词的后面。2、分类定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。明显的区别是非限制性定语从句的前面有逗号，但在意思上这类定语从句与主句联系不紧密，可以分割；而限制性定语从句与主句不可分割。3、连接词关系代词whichthatwhowhomwhose修饰物人、物人人人、物成分（从句）主、宾主、宾主、宾宾定语省略在从句中作宾语时可以省略关系副词whenwherewhy修饰表时间的名词表地点的名词表原因的名词成分（从句）在从句中作状语，从句不能缺主语或宾语省略不可以省略二、各种连接词的用法考点1：that与which 用that或which 填空：l Theres much _ can be said about it.l Thats the very word _ is wrongly used.l Is this the room in _ Mr White lives?l This is the third film _ that has been shown in our school this term.l The most important thing _ should be done now is how to stop him from going on.l Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two _ are still alive.l Her mother was dead, _ made her very sad.l Here is the English grammar _, as I have told you, will help improve your English.l Let me show you the novel _ I borrowed from the library _ was newly open to us.l The writer and his novel _ you have just talked about are really well known.小结：以下情况只用which: 当关系代词前面有介词时。 在非限制性定语从句中。 当关系代词后面有插入语时。 当一个表物的先行名词后有两个定语从句，且第一个已用that。以下情况只用that: 被修饰的先行词为不定代词all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one。 先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, just, very 修饰时。 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 先行词为基数词时。 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。 先行词既有人又有物。 前已有which。考点2：that 、who与whom、whose 1.用that 、who或whom填空: The person I want to learn from is one _ studies hard and works well. Theres a gentleman _ wants to see you. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon _ could speak Chinese very well. The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor _is very modest and works very hard. I think one should stay faithful to the person to _ one is married.以下情况只能用who: 先行词为one, ones, anyone, those 指人时。 在there be结构中，主语为人时，其后的定语从句宜用who。 表人的先行词有较长的后置定语时。 表人的先行词带有两个定语从句，其中一个的关系代词为that，另一个用who 避 免重复。以下情况只能用whom: 当关系代词前面有介词2. whose用正确的形式填空：l This is the girl _ wallet was stolen yesterday.l This is the girl _ the wallet was stolen yesterday.l I like the book _ cover is red.l I like the book _ the cover is red.小结： whose既可指人又可指物，在从句中作定语，其后紧跟名词。 whose +表人的名词of whom + the + 表人的名词 whose +表物的名词of which + the + 表物的名词考点3：介词关系代词 用正确的介词关系代词填空：l In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.l His walking-stick, _ he cant walk, was lost yesterday.l The knife, _ we use to cut the bread, is very sharp.l I dont think the number of people _ this happens is very large.小结：如何判断是否需要介词或怎样选择介词： 当从句不缺主语或宾语时，可考虑用介词关系代词。 当确定用介词关系代词时，介词的选用可考虑与从句中动词的搭配或与先行名词的搭配。考点4：way作先行词的用法 I dont like the way _ you speak to her. The way _he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. The way _he explained to us was quite simple.小结： 当先行词为way时，定于从句的引导词可用in which, that。考点5：关系代词与关系副词的选择：when、where、why与which 用关系代词或关系副词填空： I still remember the day _ I first came to Beijing. Is this the school _ you visited last week? I always remember the time _ we spent together. The hospital _ her mother is working is in the west. He refused to give a reason _ we all demanded, though. I know the reason _ she got so angry.小结： 当先行名词为表时间、地点、原因（reason）的名词时，如果从句不缺主语或宾语，定语从句的引导词用when, where, why，可以转换为相应的介词+which。 常见的不及物动词有：work, happen, stay, live, lie, stand, sit, go, come, fly, run, arrive, laugh, fall, hesitate, last, belong, step;而visit, spend 为及物动词。如何判断关系代词与关系副词：方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 解析：先把这两个句子变成肯定句，例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。小结：关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。三、定语从句的特殊用法难点1：as的用法 l Such ideas _ he thinks of are worthless. A. that B. as l I saw the same dress in the store _ she had on the day before.A. that B. as l I found the same pen _ I had lost the day before. A. that B. asl He was late again, _ we had expected.A. as B. whichl The street hasnt been cleaned for weeks, _ makes it very dirty. A. as B. which小结： as 用于the same as, suchas的句型中。但the sameas指的是与先行词同类的事物，而the samethat指的是与先行词同一的事物。 as还可以修饰一个主句。常译为“正如”,已形成了一些固定搭配，可放在主句之前或之后。如：as we all know, as is known to all, as we all see, as is often said, as was usual, as is expected, as is reported, as is hoped 。而which也可修饰一个句子，但必须放在主句之后，和主句形成因果关系。难点2：一些特殊词之后的where where引导的定语从句先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词，但也有特殊情况。1. Ive come to the point _ I cant stand him.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。2. The country is in the situation _ a war will break out at any time. 国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。 1.where 2.where小结：如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中” 。四、定语从句的谓语动词用动词的正确形式填空： I , who _ (be) a student, work hard at my study. He takes exercise everyday, which _ (do) a lot of good to his health. This is one of the most wonderful novels that _ (publish) since 1990. He is the only one of the teachers who _ (know) French in our school.小结： 定语从句的谓语动词与从句的主语保持一致。如果关系代词在从句中作主语，定于从句的谓语动词的单复数与它所修饰的名词保持一致。 如果先行名词为一个句子，从句的谓语动词用单数。 one of the +复数名词这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式。但the (only) one of the +复数名词这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。课堂跟踪练A）选择题：1. Ive read all the books _ you gave me.A. which B. them C. what D. that2. There isnt much _ I can do.A. what B. which C. that D. how3. He keeps a record of everything _ he had seen there.A. he B. that C. which D. what4. Tell us about the people and the places _ are different from ours.A. that B. who C. which D. whom5. Mr. John said that Suzhou was the first city _ he had visited in China.A. that B. where C. which D. what6. The TV play I watched last night is the best one _ I have watched this year.A. which B. what C. whose D. that7. Last Sunday they reached Qingdao, _ a conference was to be held.A. which B. that C. when D. where8. Is this the museum _ you visited the other day?A. that B. where C. in which D. the one9. I began to work in Beijing in the year _ New China was founded.A. when B. that C. which D. where10. This is the very film _ Ive long wished to see.A. which B. that C. who D. whom11. There is no difficulty _ cant be overcome in the world.A. that B. which C. who D. what12. Who is the person _ is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower?A. who B. that C. which D. whom13. This was the supermarket _ I bought this kind of tin.A. where B. that C. who D. which14. The house _ the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.A. that B. where C. what D. when15. This is the last time _ I shall come here to help you.A. that B. which C. when D. what16. The house _ we live is not big.A. in that B. which C. in which D. that17. My neighbours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them.A. who B. that C. which D. whom18. All _ glitters is not gold.A. that B. which C. / D. what19. I now know why Mao impresses everyone who meets him the way _ he does.A. which B. what C. / D. now20. Beijing, _ is the capital of China, is a beautiful city.A. that B. it C. which D. /用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空：1. There is a boy downstairs _ wants to see you.2. The hill _ top is covered with trees is called Mang Hill.3. This is the only answer _ we think is right.4.We talked about the things and persons _ we saw in the bank.5. The fire destroyed all _ was in the building.6.In the dark street, there wasnt single person _ she could turn to for help.7.I shall never forget the day _ we first met.8. There are very few area in the world _ this kind of trees can be grown successfully.9.These are the reasons _ we do it.10. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,_, of course, made the others unhappy.11. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London.12. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.13. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.14. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?15.Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week.16. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.17. This is the very letter _ came last night.18. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.19. Have you read the book _ I lent to you ?20. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police.用定语从句翻译句子：1. 他是一位能帮助我的人。2. 他住在史密斯教授曾经工作过的房子里。3. 她是在这所大学工作的外国人之一。4. 他经常迟到，使老师很生气。5. 我们团聚的日子终于来了。6. 只有她一个外国人在这所大学工作。7. 正在踢足球的孩子们是一班的。8. 你喜欢那本黄色封皮的书么？9. 你在车上谈论的人是刘先生。10. 他有一个父亲是医生的朋友。语法填空：用适当的连词填空。(1) Influenza, or flu, is a common infection of the nose and throat, and sometimes the lungs. The cause is a virus 1 _ passes from one person to another. The virus spreads through the air 2_ an infected person expels air suddenly. Medical experts have identified three major kinds of influenza. They call them type A, B and C. Type C is the least serious. People may not even know they have it. 3 _ researchers study the other two kinds very closely. Viruses change to survive. This can make it difficult for the body to recognize 4_ fight an infection. A person 5 _has suffered one kind of flu cannot develop that same kind again. The bodys defense system produces antibodies（抗体）. These substances stay in the blood and destroy the virus 6 _ it appears again. 7 _the body may not recognize a flu virus 8 _ has even a small change. Each year, researchers develop vaccines（疫苗） to prevent the spread of the flu virus. The World Health Organization holds meetings in 9 _ experts discuss 10_ kinds of flu viruses to include in the next vaccine. (2) American scientists have discovered that walnut trees can produce more than walnuts. The scientists say walnut trees also can make a chemical form of the popular pain-killing medicine aspirin. The trees do this under the stress of disease 1 _other threats. Scientists say the chemical may help the trees reduce damage from dry weather, unseasonable temperatures 2_ other changes in the environment. The results are important 3_ presence of the chemical could warn growers early 4_ a tree is in danger. Growers could recognize a problem 5_ leaves on walnut trees die and fall off. The scientists said the findings also show 6_ a plant can communicate with other plants through the atmosphere. For example, a tree could communicate 7 _ it is under attack from insects. With that information, a grower could begin corrective treatment. Researchers have known for a long time 8_ laboratory plants may produce methyl salicylate, aspirins chemical form. Aspirin was first produced from the bark covering on willow trees. 9_the researchers had never before found methyl salicylate in a forest. They had not confirmed that trees could emit, 10 _ give out, large amounts of the chemical into the atmosphere.(3)My mother insisted 1 _ everyone in her life treat her with respect. 2 _ she wasnt wealthy 3_ well educated, my mother not only understood and appreciated her value, 4_ believed in it strongly. 5_ she learned my father was cheating on her, she insisted 6_ he move out of our home. Not the next day or the next week. To me, as a child, 7_ she refused to take my father back seemed harsh, even cruel. As a woman, however, I have come to understand it. For my mother, putting Daddy out of the house 8_ her life wasnt about pride; it was about principle, the one she had always lived by, the one9 _she believed in with all her heart: No one was going to love and respect you 10_ you loved and respected yourself.能力提升定语从句在高考写作中的运用用定语从句合并句子：1. Jane asked the policeman to call him to call him when needing help. The policeman worked with him. _ _2. The teacher talked about some writers and their books. The writers and their books were unknown to us. _ _3. He must be from Africa. It can be seen from his skin._ _4. I cant find the dictionary. The cover of the dictionary is deep blue._ _5.This kind of trees can be grown in very few areas. There are very areas in the world._ _6. Do you remember the day? You joined our club on that day._ _综合运用：定语从句在基础写作中的运用，请用五句话表达下面的一段话。上个星期李雷回到他出生和成长的家乡，他拜访了王大爷，这个大爷在李雷小时候经常照顾他，那时候他不知什么原因，妈妈经常周末还要上班，王爷爷是他唯一和他说话和玩耍的朋友。现在，他感激王大爷给他带来快乐的时光。解题思路：步骤1：阅读文段，划分五个句子。步骤2：分清每个句子的成分，“过滤”出句子主干，如第一句中的主干是_ ,_和 _.步骤3：找出句子定语成分，长的定语通常用定语从句来翻译，如第一句的定语是：_ .步骤4：打草稿，修改及成文。参考答案：课堂跟踪练：选择题：15DCBAA 610DDAAB 1115ABABA 1620 CCACC用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空：1. who 2. whose 3. that 4. that 5. that 6. whom7.when 8.where 9.why 10.which 11. Who 12.who13. that 14. which/that 15. that 16. who 17. that 18. that19.which 20.that用定语从句翻译句子：1. Hes the person to whom I can turn for help.2. He lived in the house where Professor Smith has ever worked there.3. She is one of the foreigners who work in this university.4. Hes often late, which makes the teacher very angry.5. The days when we get together come finally.6. Shes the only one of foreigners who works in the university.7. The children who are playing football are from Class One.8. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow.9. The man to whom you talked on the bus was Mr. Liu.10.He was a friend whose father is a doctor.语法填空：（1）1. that/which。引导定语从句并在从句中作主语。2. when。引导状语从句。“当感染者突然呼气时，病毒就传播到空气中。”3. But。转折关系。C型流行性感冒不为人所觉察，但研究人员认真研究另外两种。4. and。“识别并与感染作斗争”，并列关系。5. who。