1句子的用途分类.doc

一、句子的用途分类英语句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。一、 陈述句用于陈述事实或观点的句子叫做陈述句。分为肯定句和否定句两种。1、肯定句I enjoy playing computer games. play the drumsShe listens to English every morning.2、否定句I dont enjoy playing computer games.She doesnt listen to English every morning.二、 疑问句用于提问的句子叫做疑问句。分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句四种。1、 一般疑问句Does she listen to English every morning？2、 特殊疑问句What does she listen to every morning? who/whomShe loves Rain.Who loves Rain?Whom/Who does she love?3、 选择疑问句Does she listen to English or music every morning?I like dogs and cats.-Do you like dogs or cats?Have we got any beer and wine? =Do we have any beer and wine?4、 反意疑问句She listens to English every morning，doesnt she?三、 祈使句用于表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句的主语一般省略，但其隐含主语通常为you。祈使句否定结构是在句首加dont。Look out/be careful/watch out! theres a car coming.Dont open the door.四、 感叹句用于表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句。1、 what引导的感叹句What a beautiful watch!2、 how引导的感叹句How beautiful the watch is!二、句子的结构分类英语句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句三种。五、 简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)的句子成为简单句。He enjoys listening to music.My father and my uncle always chat with each other in English.He stopped the car and waited for Sally. 六、 并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用等立连词(或用“；”、冒号“：”、逗号“，”等)连在一起构成的句子叫并列句。常用的等立连词有and(和)、so(因此,所以)、but(但是)、however(然而)、then(然后)、or(或者,否则)、otherwise(否则)、not onlybut also(不仅而且)、neithernor(既不也不)、eitheror(要么要么;不是就是)、while(而)、for(因为)等。The light was red，so I had to stop my car.He is over/more than sixty，but he does not look old at all.I had a drink，then I went home.Either we go now or we remain/stay here forever.Neither I would go there nor he comes here.七、 复合句有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫复合句，也叫主从复合句。从句根据复合句中的作用分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句。That he had made a mistake is strange. =It is strange that he had made a mistake.(主语从句)I believe (that) I can learn English well.(宾语从句)The problem is whether/if they will be able to help us.(表语从句)Most adults(=Most of the adults) who are learning a foreign language would disagree with this suggestion.(定语从句)If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.(状语从句)They were worried about the fact that you were sick.(同位语从句)四、英语五大基本句型一、主谓 1. Day broke.2. The car stopped.3.The kite rises in the sky.4. The books sold out in a week.5.Someone is knocking.6.The boy is jumping with joy.7.He died the day before yesterday.die v.dead adj.death n.8.The ambulance is arriving.9.The sun is rising/setting. (rise vi.set vi.)10.He is groaning.11.He works hard every day.everyday adj.每天的=daily（修饰名词）every day adv.每天地（修饰动词）12.The plane took off/landed five seconds ago.13.She woke up a few minutes ago.14.Things changed.15.The kettle is boiling. teapot16.What happened yesterday?二、主谓宾 1.Do you know these people(them)？(名词或代词做宾语)2.I cant express myself in English.(反身代词做宾语) 3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)4.We cant afford to pay such a price.(不定式做宾语)5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(动名词做宾语)Would you mind opening the door?Would you mind my opening the door?6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(从句做宾语，即：宾语从句) no pains, no gains.注意：并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语，不同的动词有不同的用法，所以，在学习动词时，一定要掌握其用法。三、主系表常用的系动词有:（一）、表示特征和存在状态的：be, feel, seem, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;(二)、表示状态延续的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;（三）、表示状态变化的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语)2.Gradually he became silent.(形容词做表语)The cake tastes delicious/yummy/tasty. (形容词做表语)The potatoes went bad in the fields. (形容词做表语)Deep water stays still.(形容词做表语)I feel unhappy. (形容词做表语)3.She remained standing for an hour.(现在分词做表语)4.The question remained unsolved.(过去分词做表语)5.The machine is out of order/in order.(介词短语做表语) in 6.The television was on.(副词做表语)7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式做表语) He seems to be a good teacher. (动词不定式做表语)8.My job is repairing cars/to repair cars.(动名词/不定式做表语)I love learning English.I love to learn English.9.The question is what you want to do.(从句做表语，即：表语从句)注意：在下面的句子中，形容词做表语，在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。I am happy to meet you.They are willing to help.We are determined to follow his example.四、主谓间宾直宾 动词可以称作双宾语动词，在英语中，这样的动词并不多，在学习时，要牢记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语，其中间接宾语在前，一般表人，直接宾语在后，一般表物。1. She ordered herself a new dress. （名词作直接宾语）2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. （名词作直接宾语）cook v.做饭 n.厨师 cooker n.厨具3. He brought you a dictionary. （名词作直接宾语）4. He denies her nothing. （代词作直接宾语）5. I showed him my pictures. （名词作直接宾语）6. I gave methree. （代词作直接宾语）7. I told him that the bus was late. （从句做直接宾语）8. He showed me how to run the machine.（动词不定时做直接宾语）注意：但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：He brings cookies/biscuits to me every day. 再如：She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。常借助to跟双宾语的动词有bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常借助for跟双宾语的动词有buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。五、主谓宾宾补 （或主+谓+主补）在此句型中的动词，叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词，在英语中，这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式，因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语。1.He found his new job boring.(形容词做宾补)2.They called their daughter Mary.(名词做宾补)3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介词短语做宾补)4.We went to her house but found her out.(副词做宾补)5.What do you advise me to do？(不定式做宾补)6.We thought him to be an honest man.(不定式做宾补)7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做宾补)8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的进行式做宾补)9.Did you notice him come in？(不带to的不定式做宾补)Did you notice him coming in?(现在分词做宾补)10.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(现在分词做宾补)I saw her chat with Nancy.(不带to的不定式做宾补)11.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(过去分词做宾补)注意：在这个结构中，可以出现用it做形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.分析：it是形式宾语，hisduty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her是真正的宾语。2.I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。六、相关问题1.习惯用语的使用在英语中，有很多动词习惯用语，在学习的过程中，要注意它们的使用，不必分析单独每个词的使用。例如：We are short of money.(be short of中short做表语)She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble做make的宾语)He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions做词组carry out的宾语)We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for后面的the rain是宾语，to stop是宾语补足语)2.在英语中，大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词，而且还会有一些固定词组，因此一个动词可以用于几种句型。例如：askDid you ask the price？(直接接名词做宾语)She asked them their names.(接双宾语)I asked James to buy some bread.(接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语)I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做宾语)Didnt you ask him in？(在此句中和副词in连用)He has asked for an interview with the President.(组成固定词组ask for)3.There be句型是一种特殊的句子，真正的主语在后面，含义为“有”谓语动词和主语保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.主语的后面有时有修饰语：There are a lot of difficulties facing us.There were many things to be done(此处也可以使用to do).谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:There will be a concert in the park tonight./There was little change in him.谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。There used to be a cinema here.There seems to be something the matter with her.Is there going to be any activity tonight？there be句式变疑问句，把be提前；变翻译疑问句也要借助there。Is there any hope of getting the job？There is nothing wrong with your watch，is there？there be句型中也可以使用诸如：live，follow，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物动词：Once upon a time，there lived a fisherman on the island.There came a knock at the door.At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.用于非谓语的情况下，有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being：You wouldnt want there to be another war.(不定式的复合结构)The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(动名词的复合结构)There being nothing else to do，we went home.(独立主格结构)词类和句子成分关系列表主语宾语表语定语状语宾(主)语补足语名 词代 词形容词副 词数 词不定式分 词动名词名词短语巩固性练习：请判断下列句子的结构类型1.He is running.2.The loud voice made him angry.3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions.4.She seemed angry.5.My father bought me a beautiful present.6.Why do you keep your eyes closed？You must keep learning.7.Will you tell us an exciting story？8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.9.I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.10.Can you push the window open？答案：1.主语-动词2.主语-动词-宾语-补语3.主语-动词-宾语-宾语4.主语-动词-表语5.主语-动词-宾语-宾语6.主语-动词-宾语-宾语7.主语-动词-宾语-补语8.主语-动词-宾语-补语9.主语-动词-宾语-补语10.主语-动词-宾语-补语五、名词性从句在复合句中担当主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)、表语和同位语的从句分别称为主语从句(subject clause)、宾语从句(object clause)、表语从句 (predicative clause)和同位语从句(apposition clause)。这些从句在句中的作用相当于名词通常在句中所起的作用，因此统称为名词性从句（noun clause）。一、引导名词性从句的常见连接词（共三类）1、 连词（5个）：that、whether/if、as if/as though 2、 连接代词（5个）：what(whatever)、who(whoever)、whom(whomever)、which(whichever)、whose3、 连接副词（4个）：when(whenever)、where(wherever)、 how (however) 、why连接词whether /if(是否)，as if/as though(好象)，just as(就像) that(没有实义)在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。而连接代词与连接副词除了起连接作用外，还在从句充当某一个句子成分，可以做从句的主语、宾语和表语等。二、主语从句在复合句中，用作句子主语的从句叫做主语从句。1、主语从句通常由从属连词that(不能省略)、whether和连接代词what、who、which、whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用，不可省略；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.(主语从句中不可用if)What they are talking about is nothing valuable.Whatever she did is wrong.Who will go is not important.Whoever used to have another name raise your hand.How the book will sell depends on its author.When she will be back is still a question.Where they had put the files troubled the spy.Why he suddenly disappeared is still a mystery.2、有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。常用句型如下： （1）It + be + 名词 + that从句 It is common knowledge that是常识 It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that事实是（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句 It is necessary that有必要 It is important that重要的是 It is obvious that很明显（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 It is believed that人们相信 It is known to all that众所周知 It has been decided that已决定（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 It appears that似乎 It happens that碰巧 It occurred to me that我突然想起It is a big surprise that he is still alive.It is natural that we (should) keep our promise.It doesnt matter what you do.It worries his parents that he has disappeared.It is still doubtful whether she would play the part.It is a mystery how the prisoner escaped.It is estimated that the trip would take a year.(从句可提前)It is said/reported that he was a spy during the war.(从句不可提前)Whether or not she will go to Japan is up to her. (从句可提前)It doesnt matter whether he likes it or not. (从句不可提前)3、主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。但如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.4、 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用。当主语从句用来表示建议、惊奇、猜测、惋惜等语气时，主语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +动词原形”形式，should常被省略。常见的句型有：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that三、宾语从句在复合句中，用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。1、引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样。宾语从句可以作动词、介词和形容词的宾语。（1）、用作动词的宾语I guess/suppose/think/believe (that) you are right.She still wondered when she would leave school.Have you decided whom you will take to Australia?I knew whose dictionary it is.You can choose which you like best.I will read whichever book you recommend.He told us（that）he felt ill. She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend.He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan.be going to do sth.will do sth.be doing sth.(短期的将来)be about to do sth. be to do sth.You can give whoever comes a reading list. = You can give a reading list to whoever comes.The club will buy whoever wins a flat.You can choose whatever you like in the shop.（2）、用作介词的宾语That depends on/upon where we shall go.The singer still worries about where to live.The price depends on/upon how many you will buy.He was pleased with what had occurred that day. His father was not satisfied with what he had.She walked up to where I stood.He goes to the library every day except when it is raining.（3）、用作形容词的宾语Im afraid/scared (that) you dont understand what I said.Im suprised (that) I didnt see all that before.I am not sure what I ought to do. （4）、用it作形式宾语的情况、同it作形式主语一样，我们常用it来作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句放在句末。常见句型为“动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句” ，句中的that不可省略。I found it strange that he has not come yet.I found (that) its hard to learn English.I found it hard to learn English.He has made it clear that he wont agree to the plan.We consider it necessary that we should open the door.We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.He has made it clear that he will not give in.He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.、由于that引导的宾语从句一般不可以直接作介词的宾语，因此当介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时，必须使用it作形式宾语。You may depend on it that I shall always support you. 你可以放心我会永远支持你的。Ill see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately. 我保证你的问题会立即得到处理的。 2、宾语从句的语序和其他词性的从句一样，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。I wonder what has he told you【误】 I wonder what he has told you【正】、“What is the time?”she askedShe asked what the time was.、“Who is she？”he askedHe asked who she was.、“Who is there?”he asked me.He asked me who was there.、“Who can answer this question?”she asked.She asked who could answer that question.、“Who is the best player?”she asked meShe asked me who was the best player. She asked me who the best player was.、“Whats the matter?” she askedShe asked what was the matter.She asked what the matter was.(中国老师认为是错误的！)Michael Swans Practical English Usage, 3rd edition（2005）, 278.7条: 习题：Could you tell me_?A. whats wrong with you? B.what worng with you is?3、宾语从句中的时态1一般情况下，宾语从句的时态要和主句一致，尤其是主句为过去时态时。 He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberation. He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English.2当从句表示的是科学原理、自然现象等客观真理时，从句仍用现在时态。 Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun. Columbus proved that the earth is round.3如果主句动词是现在时，宾语从句的时态可根据自身的实际情况选用时态。You cant imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game.Can you make sure where you have put the gold ring. 4、宾语从句的否定转移1、在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy等动词后的宾语从句，如有否定意思，一般要把否定词前移到主句的谓语上，从句的谓语用肯定的形式。例如：I dont think (that) he can do it better than me. 我想他不会干得比我好。I dont believe (that) they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares, does he 我想他不会在意的，是吗？2、在下列情况下，宾语从句不否定转移：、think等词前有副词和表示强调的do进行修饰时。I really expect he will not fail the examination. 我真希望他不会不通过考试。I do think that he is not fair. 我确实认为他是不公正的。 、think等词和其他词构成并列谓语I think and hope that he wont cheat at cards. 我想，也希望他打牌不会作弊的。、think等词作为插入语His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的决定并不明智5、含有宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句、反意疑问句一般与主句一致。He said they were going to help me，didnt he？She told you that the mat was her own work，didnt she？、当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时，反意疑问句通常与宾语从句保持一致。而且，这时要特别注意否定转移的问题！I think/believe (that) he is serious，isnt he？(不可用dont I)I dont think/believe (that) he is serious，is he？(不可用do I)提示：如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。You dont think (that) we can speak English，do you？He thinks (that) he has got the right answer，doesnt he？。习题一：陈述部分如果含有un-，in-，dis-等表否定的词缀，该陈述部分仍视作肯定句，所以后面的反意部分用否定式。Ithink(that) hedislikesgoingabroadtostudy,_? A.dontIB.doesnthe C.doesheD.doI 答：选B，本句句子重心在从句上，故反意问句应与Hedislikes相关，又因为dislike不喜欢，这是加dis前缀变来，其后的反意问句与否定前缀-dis无关，反意问句仍需用否定形式，故选B。再如：Youdislikethewaysheworked,dontyou？习题二：陈述句部分含有no, nobody, nothing, seldom, few, little, never, hardly, neither等否定词，或tooto 句型时，该陈述部分视作否定句，所以后面的反意部分用肯定式。He has never been there, _?He seldom learns English on weekends, _ ?He has few friends, _?He has little money, _?He can hardly speak Japanese,_?习题三：注意for的用法I think he was ill in hospital, for he didnt come to school,_?A. did I B.didnt I C.wasnt he D.was heE. did he F.didnt heI think (that) he was ill in hospital because he didnt come to school,_?A. did I B.didnt I C.wasnt he D.was heE. did he F.didnt heShe thinks (that) he was ill in hospital because he didnt come to school,_?6、宾语从句中that的省略问题 一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可省略。 介词后面的that不能省。Pter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，and前面的that可以省略， and的后面的that不能省略。 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. that引导的宾语从句位于句首时，that不可省略。 That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. 主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。 He said that, if he could manag it, he would come for dinner. 宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。 He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 7、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用。 在suggest insist, order, demand, request, require, command, propose, desire等表示建议、命令、要求、欲望动词后面的宾语从句中，用虚拟语气，即“should +动词原形”，should常被省略。He suggested that we (should) have a further discussion about the final decision. She insisted that they (should) show her th