unit 2 讲稿.doc

大学英语一课程讲稿 Unit 2 Narrative记叙文Teaching objectivesto help Ss to know what is narrativeto help Ss to know some information of narrative writingto helps Ss to analyze some examples of narrative essaysto help Ss to do some narrative writing practice of English CET4 examinationTime Allotment:2 periods:1st period: narrative; narrative writing; narrative essay writing;2nd-period: Cet4 narrative writing Teaching Procedures: Narrative and narrative writing(half a period)- narrative essay writing(half a period)-CET4 narrative writing( a period)I Narrative1.1 Definition: Narrative is a text focusing specific participants which tells an interesting story. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain or amuse the readers.1.2 Generic Structure of NarrativeA narrative text will consists of the following structure:1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse1.3 Language Features of Narrative Using processes verbs Using temporal conjunction Using Simple Past TenseII Narrative Writing Writing, for everyone, starts with essays and story writing. Knowingly or unknowingly, all of us write in different modes and styles, mainly persuasive, narrative, descriptive and expository. While persuasive writing influences the readers way of thinking about a particular subject, descriptive writing is when the writer portrays a person, place or a thing, by giving the minutest details about it. Expository writing, on the other hand, explains or defines a particular subject with less of description and more of information. And narrative writing is nothing but story telling - fictional or non-fictional. Out of all the forms of writing, this genre is the most widely written as well as read, since it is very easy to narrate ones experiences or to relate to someone else. Narrative writing is used for writing plays, movie scripts, personal essays as well as biographies, but their basic purpose remains the same -entertaining the readers.2.1 Structure of narrative writing Narrative writing, be it any type or genre, always follows a specific structure. The five elements that form this structure are:Setting - When and where the story takes placeCharacters - Main character (protagonist) and other important people in the storyProblem - What challenge does the main character faceEvents - How the protagonist tries solving the problemResolution - How is the problem ultimately solved2.2 Types of narrative writing PersonalA personal narrative is where the writer narrates the events of his life in a chronological order, either to inspire or to entertain the readers. It can be a memorable experience or something that the writer has accomplished. The narrative illustrates the effect it had on his life. While writing a personal narrative, one should pay attention to the flow of the story; the dialog (if any), and include the description wherever necessary. A good personal narrative affects the readers in a similar way in which it has affected the writer. Diaries and autobiographies are good examples of personal narratives.ImaginativeImaginative writing is basically writing fiction, writing something that is not factual. In this genre, the writer develops imaginative characters in interesting settings, either to entertain the audience or to convey his point of view. Using his creativity, the writer can go beyond reality and create unusual situations and events that could never happen in real life. But he has to make sure that the plot sounds convincing to the readers. Short stories, novels, screenplays, and dramas are examples of imaginative writing.BiographicalUnlike a personal narrative, a biography is a non-fictional account of someone elses life. The writer describes this person (subject) through his eyes. This kind of narrative depends entirely on the events that have taken place in the subjects life, along with actions, quotes and even images. The subject can be someone in the writers present or past life, or a public figure. The writer might also include why he chose that particular person as a subject and how he/she made a significance in his life.2.3 Modes of narrative writing There are various viewpoints in which a narrative can be written. It decides who is telling the story, and conveys whether the writer is a character in the story or outside the story or an observer.First-person ViewIn the first-person view, the narrator is most often the character in the story. Such a point of view helps the readers to relate to the story. In this case, the narrator may or may not be the protagonist but reveals the plot by referring to I. However, other viewpoints can also be introduced with the help of dialogs. In rare cases, the first-person view can also be told in plural, like in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner.Second-person ViewThe rarest mode of narration, the second-person view refers to one of the characters in the story as you. Such a mode is used when the narrator wants the reader to feel as if he is himself the character in the story. Such a mode can also be used to create a sense of intimacy between the narrator and the reader.Third-person ViewUnlike the first- and second-person view, the third-person view does not connect to the reader. This mode gives the writer maximum freedom and flexibility of writing. Hence, this is the most common mode of writing. The third-person view is again of two types, i.e. subjective and objective. In the subjective view, the narrator describes the feelings and thoughts of one or more characters, whereas in an objective view, the emotions of the characters are not portrayed. Another way in which the third-person view can be categorized is: omniscient and limited. In an omniscient view, the narrator portrays the feelings of all the characters, whereas in a limited view, the knowledge of the narrator is limited to only one character. The view can also be alternating, in which the writer switches from one mode to the other. For example, from first-person view to the third-person view and then back to the first-person view. Another mode is the unreliable mode, which is mostly used to deceive the audience, for example, in a thriller or suspense novel.III Narrative essay writing 3.1 Essential Elements of Narrative EssaysThe focus of a narrative essay is the plot, which is told using enough details to build to a climax. Heres how:It is usually told chronologically.It usually has a purpose, which is usually stated in the opening sentence.It may use dialogue.It is written with sensory details and vivid descriptions to involve the reader. All these details relate in some way to the main point the writer is making.3.2 Examples of narrative essays3.2.1 Learning Can Be ScaryThis excerpt about learning new things and new situations is an example of a personal narrative essay that describes learning to swim.“Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things Ive ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically stronger. What I didnt realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person.New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didnt seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease.”3.2.2The Manager. The Leader.The following excerpt is a narrative essay from a story about a manager who was a great leader. Notice the intriguing first sentence that captures your attention right away.“Jerry was the kind of guy you love to hate. He was always in a good mood and always had something positive to say. When someone would ask him how he was doing, he would reply, If I were any better, I would be twins! He was a unique manager because he had several waiters who had followed him around from restaurant to restaurant. The reason the waiters followed Jerry was because of his attitude. He was a natural motivator. If an employee was having a bad day, Jerry was there telling the employee how to look on the positive side of the situation.”3.2.3 The ClimbThis excerpt from the climb also captures your attention right away by creating a sense of mystery. The reader announces that he or she has this fear and you want to read on to see what that fear is.“I have this fear. It causes my legs to shake. I break out in a cold sweat. I start jabbering to anyone who is nearby. As thoughts of certain death run through my mind, the world appears a precious, treasured place. I imagine my own funeral, then shrink back at the implications of where my thoughts are taking me. My stomach feels strange. My palms are clammy. I am terrified of heights. Of course, its not really a fear of being in a high place. Rather, it is the view of a long way to fall, of rocks far below me and no firm wall between me and the edge. My sense of security is screamingly absent. There are no guardrails, flimsy though I picture them, or other safety devices. I can rely only on my own surefootednessor lack thereof.”3.2.4 Disney LandThe following narrative essay involves a parent musing about taking her kids to Disney Land.“It was a hot sunny day, when I finally took my kids to the Disney Land. My son Matthew and my daughter Audra endlessly asked me to show them the dream land of many children with Mickey Mouse and Snow-white walking by and arousing a huge portion of emotions. Somehow these fairy tale creatures can make children happy without such “small” presents as $100 Lego or a Barbys house in 6 rooms and garden furniture. Therefore, I thought that Disney Land was a good invention for loving parents.”3.2.5 The Sacred Grove of Oshogbo by Jeffrey TaylerThe following essay contains descriptive language that helps to paint a vivid picture for the reader of an encounter with a man.“As I passed through the gates I heard a squeaky voice. A diminutive middle-aged man came out from behind the trees the caretaker. He worked a toothbrush-sized stick around in his mouth, digging into the crevices between algaed stubs of teeth. He was barefoot; he wore a blue batik shirt known as a buba, baggy purple trousers, and an embroidered skullcap. I asked him if he would show me around the shrine. Motioning me to follow, he spat out the results of his stick work and set off down the trail.”3.2.6 Playground MemoryThe first excerpt from, “Playground Memory”, has very good sensory details.“Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled “warm and fuzzy feelings.” As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the Sequoia National Forest, stood on the edge of the Grande Canyon and have jumped on the beds at Caesars Palace in Lake Tahoe. However, I have discovered that when reflecting on my childhood, it is not the trips that come to mind, instead there are details from everyday doings; a deck of cards, a silver bank or an ice cream flavor. One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day of no particular importance. It was late in the fall in Merced, California on the playground of my old elementary school; an overcast day with the wind blowing strong. I stood on the blacktop, pulling my hoodie over my ears. The wind was causing miniature tornados; we called them “dirt devils”, to swarm around me.”3.2.7 Christmas CookiesThe second of the two narrative essay examples is an excerpt from “Christmas Cookies.”“Although I have grown up to be entirely inept at the art of cooking, as to make even the most wretched chef ridicule my sad baking attempts, my childhood would have indicated otherwise; I was always on the countertop next to my mothers cooking bowl, adding and mixing ingredients that would doubtlessly create a delicious food. When I was younger, cooking came intrinsically with the holiday season, which made that time of year the prime occasion for me to unite with ounces and ounces of satin dark chocolate, various other messy and gooey ingredients, numerous cooking utensils, and the assistance of my mother to cook what would soon be an edible masterpiece. The most memorable of the holiday works of art were our Chocolate Crinkle Cookies, which my mother and I first made when I was about six and are now made annually.” IV 英语四级记叙文写作4.1 记叙文题型作文写作步骤:要求考生写一篇记叙文，描述事件发生的时间、地点、原因、人物及结果，最后对事件进行简单分析，如：2003年6月四级作文、2003年9月四级作文对这类题型，通常分为三个步骤来写：第一段、总结描述：交代清楚故事涉及的人物、时间、地点：主题句第二段、具体描述：具体描述事件发生的原因、经过和结果：起因经过结果第三段、对事件的分析：分析句1+分析句2+分析34.2记叙文题型作文写作范文练习directions：for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Day my Classmate Fell Ill.1、简单描述一下这位同学生病的情况；2、同学、老师和我是如何帮助他的；3、人和人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是.4.3 范文分析范文1The Day My Classmate Fell IllI have a classmate named Angel, who is a lovely and bright girl. She is popular with all the classmates. One day, news came that Angel had got blood cancer. It really shocked everybody. When I saw her in the hospital, I could not help crying. She was so thin, so weak, and it seemed that only skin and bones were left. Her face was so pale. Even so, she gave us a big smile to comfort us. We decided to help her save her life. Angel s family was not very rich and could not afford the operation. All the classmates and teachers began to raise money in school. Some called the media for help. In the end, we succeeded in raising the money for the first operation. We will keep trying until Angel is cured. Many people offered as much help as they could even though they did not know Angel. I am really touched by this. There is love everywhere as long as we seek for it. 分析点评：叙述描写型文章是近几年来四级考试中的改革之一，它与书信作文、图表作文一起改变了多年来议论文“一统天下”的局面，促使大学英语写作朝着文体多样性、实用性方向发展。记人、记事是最基本的写作方式，它不要求有惊天动地的情节或出神入化的手笔，只求记叙一件与自己有关系又留下深刻印象的往事，写作时必须抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、原因、结果等关键要素，根据需要或按照自己的思维方式，采用不同的写作手法，如采用顺叙、倒叙或插叙等。描述How something happened 这类文章需要一定的英文水平，因为较细致的描述很难，而轻描淡写又不足以渲染气氛，更难凑字数。该篇文章的特点是：内容上：紧扣主题。第一、二段详细叙述生的什么病、病情严重性以及师生帮助她的方式。结构上：思路清晰，主次分明，非常有条理（coherent）。记叙文中的五要素（Who, When, What, Why, How）都得到了详实的叙述。语言上：逻辑性与连贯性强，句式结构丰富多样，闪光词语很多。范文2A Welcome Back Celebration1.杨玲生病，情绪低落.2.班上同学准备cheer her up, 举办一场欢迎party.Yang Ling is my classmate and friend. Recently she had a terrible condition and has been hospitalized for over a month. She was depressed, sad and downhearted. She told us that so many things were working against her, and she didnt know how to change and redirect herself.The day before she was released from hospital, we, some of her friends decided to give her a surprise and cheer her up. The next day, she came back with shoulders bent and head fallen. She was so deep in her bad mood that she didnt realize that the light in her dorm was not on. She turned the key in the lock and opened the door when the room was suddenly lit up. Her eyes sparkled with delight and surprise. She saw all her classmates crowded in this tiny room. Everyone was holding something in his hand, flowers, fruits, cards, cheering, “Welcome back!” She was so moved that she burst into tears. And smile returned to her pretty face. She said “Thank you all.” heartedly.Ever since that day, happiness and delight have stayed with her. Life is so wonderful.范文3A Witness of a Theft IncidentDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic A Witness of a Theft Incident. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1)描述你在公共场所目睹的一次扒窃事件2)谴责这种不文明的现象并提出解决建议。【思路点拨】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求描述一次事件的经过，提纲第2点要求对事件进行评论，由此可判断本文应为记叙文。根据所给提纲，本文应包含如下内容：交待事件背景；描述扒窃事件的经过和最后结果；谴责这种不文明的现象，提出解决建议。【参考范文】A Witness of a Theft IncidentYesterday, I witnessed a theft incident on my way home. The thief was so rampant that it left me a deep impression。It happened during the rush hour, when many people were buying tickets at the subway station. After a woman bought her ticket, she put her purse back into her bag and ready to leave, when a middle-aged man brushed past her muttering “Excuse me”. She didnt feel anything unusual and went into the station. Indeed, her purse had been stolen by that man. To our surprise, the thief seemed not to be nervous at all and even began to look others up and down. Maybe he was searching for the next target. At that time some passers-by, including me, witnessed the process. But unfortunately, no one dared to warn that woman。This incident makes me feel ashamed and leaves me in deep thought. The pickpockets have posed a great threat to residents property. Undoubtedly, it is urgent to take actions to prevent such social evils. However, it cannot only depend on the police only. Instead, it needs our common efforts. We shouldnt keep silent any more. We should be aware that our forces are far beyond those thieves。范文4 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident （2003年6月）假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：1）车祸发生的时间及地点2）你所见到的车祸情况3）你对车祸