三星笔试讲义整理(小学适合).doc

三星笔试讲义整理语法部分tip:英语具有良好的基础后，会有一种豁然开朗的感觉，以下内容请认真通读记忆，而不是跳读。第一部分：词类一共分为十类：实词名词，代词，形容词，数词，动词，副词虚词冠词，介词，连词，感叹词第一单元、名词 n.1. 定义：表示事物、人、地点或抽象概念的名称的词2. 名词的构成：分为可数名词Cn.和不可数名词Un.（一般的区分方法：一分为二是原来的东西为Un.，反之不是原来的东西则为Cn.3. 基础知识梳理名词复数形式的构成1） 规则变化（1） 一般名词后面加s，如：month-months,bird-birds（2） 以s,ss,x,ch,sh结尾的名词，后面加es,如：bus-buses,boss-bosses,box-boxes,match-matches,brush-brushes（3） 以o结尾的名词，有的加es如：patato-patatoes,mango-mangoes,tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes有的加s如：radio-radios,zoo-zoos,piano-pianos由此总结可得 （4）以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i再加es，如：factory-factories,city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，直接加s，如：toy-toys,day-days 【补充：元音字母：a,e,i,o,u,其余均为辅音字母】（5）以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为v再加es,如：knife-knives,wolf-wolves,scarf-scarves (例外：roof-roofs,chief-chiefs 主厨)相关练习：FingerWolfToyHippoLorryCello(中提琴)PotatoCelery(芹菜)2）不规则变化（1）改元音字母，构成复数。如：man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,fisherman-fishermen,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,Frenchman-Frenchmen,Englishman-Englishmen (例外：German-Germans德国人,walkman-walkmans 随声听,human-humans)（2）单复数同形。如：sheep-sheep,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese,deer-deer,fish-fish（3）词尾变化，如：child-children,ox-oxen牛（4）只有复数形式，无单数形式的名词：clothes,trousers,glasses,shoes,people（5）以man和woman构成的复合名词变复数时，要采用双复数的形式。如：man tourist-men tourists,woman teacher-women teachers名词的数量表达1）可数名词（1）用数词直接修饰，如one book,three watches,200years（2）与量词连用，量词与所修饰的名词都要用复数形式，如：three pairs of shoes（3）与模糊数量词连用，如：a few relatives,some people,many boys,a lot of computers,a large number of students2）不可数名词（1）与量词连用，量词有复数形式，而不可数名词不能用复数形式如：two loves of bread,a bottle of water 【教程P52常用量词词组及其搭配】（2）与模糊量词连用如：some books,a little milk,much advice/time/money ,a lot of news,a large amount of information3)总结（1）模糊数量词修饰可数名词：many,a few, few ,a large number of （2）模糊数量词修饰不可数名词：much,a little,little,huga amount(s) of,a great deal of （3）模糊数量词既可修饰Un和Cn：some,any,a lot of ,lots of ,plenty of ,enough名词所有格 1）表示有生命的名词所有格（1）单数名词加s,如：Peters bag（2）词尾有s或es的复数名词加“”，如：the teachers office（3）不以s或es结尾的复数名词后仍加“s”如：Childrens Day（4）表示时间、距离，如：todays newspaper ,two hourswalk2）表示无生命的名词所有格，用of+名词所有格如：the front gate of the City Hall,a map of China3）表示有生命的名词所有格，也可用of+名次所有格如：a friend of mine,a book of Janes,a friend of Marys sisters【注意】Peter and Marys desk 表示他们俩合用的桌子 Peters and Marys desks 表示他们各自的桌子名词单复数的常见问题（教程P53）单元巩固cook公鸡Frence 法国hen母鸡French法国人；法语nephew侄子；外甥Germany德国niece侄女；外甥女German德国人，德语kangaroo袋鼠whale鲸鱼squirrel松鼠shark鲨鱼leopard豹dolphin海豚bat蝙蝠turtle海龟rhinoceros犀牛snail蜗牛mosquito蚊子cockroach蟑螂stadium体育馆gallery美术馆drizzle毛毛雨thunder打雷carnation康乃馨tuplip郁金香peony牡丹chrysanthemum菊花accordion手风琴flute笛子harmonica口琴horn号考试命题中，主要考查可数、不可数名词的区分，以及量词修饰的使用第二单元、代词 pron.1. 定义：代替名词的词2. 主要分类 人称代词：I,me 物主代词：my,mine 反身代词：myself相互代词：each other 指示代词：it,that 不定代词：（1）both,none （2）each,others,many,a few（3）some/every/any/no+thing/body （俗称四次配对）疑问代词：（即对人或事物的提问）who,whose,which,what,whom关系代词：（即连接两个句子的连词）who,whom,whose,which,what,that3. 基础知识梳理人称代词：主格作主语，宾格用作及物动词和介词的宾语1）例句 （1）He often helps me. （2）Who is at the door?Its me. （3）The bicycle belongs to Tom and me.2）出现并列主语或宾语时，其排列顺序为： A单数时是第二、第三、第一人称（简称231，即你他我结构） you,he and I或you,her and I B复数时是第一、第二、第三人称（简称123，即我们你们他们结构） we,you and they或us,you and them物主代词：形容词性物主代词作定语，后加名词；而名词性物主代词等于形容词性物主代词加名词 （教程P65）1）例句This is my book.=This book is mine.2）名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语、表语 eg. (1)Your pen is blue. Mine is blue,too. (2)May I use your pen? Ive lost mine. (3)She is a classmate of his. (4)The bike is hers.3）总结：重要的固定搭配of ones own属于某人自己的on ones own独自with ones own用某人自己的hold ones breath屏住呼吸make ones way找到路前进in ones way妨碍某人，挡某人路to ones surprise使某人吃惊的是反身代词：用作宾语和状语（即起强调作用）1）作宾语 eg. (1)Help yourself to some cakes. (2)I can look at myself in the mirror. (3)They should think more of the public health than themselves.总结：只有句子是同一主语时可用反身代词（判断句子是否是同一主语）2）作强调 eg. (1)We do homework by ourselves. (2)I myself go to the airport to meet my uncle.3）总结：重要的固定搭配for oneself 亲自by oneself独自to oneself 独用teach oneself 自学hurt oneself 弄伤自己be pleased with oneself对自己感到高兴cant help oneself忍不住，无法控制自己help oneself to 随便吃，为自己取指示代词1）this,that,these,those eg. (1)Whats this (that)? Its a book. (2)What are these(those)? They are books.总结：this和these比较靠近，that和those稍远一些其中this,that 修饰Cn. these,those修饰Un.2）it的用法（1）指物：Its a robot.（2）指自然现象：Its raining now,but it will be fine soon.（3）指时间：What time is it? Its 8 oclock.（4）指距离：Its twenty minutes walk.（5）作形式主语：Its twenty minutes walk. It took me half an hour to finish the work. Its kind of you to say so.（6）作形式宾语：We think if necessary to relax from time to time.(=sometimes)不定代词1）some,any的用法（1）some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句和疑问句中。 eg. There are some pens on the desk. There arent any pens on the desk. Are there any pens on the desk?（2）在表示请求、建议、反问等句子中，用some而不用anyWould you like some drink? Will you give me some money?（3）any也可以表示任何一个，且any+(singl.)n.单数名词 Do you know any of her friends? If you have any question,you can ask me.2）复合不定代词：（即四次配对） something,anything,nothing,everything, somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody someone,anyone,no one,everyone somewhere,anywhere,nowhere,everywhere重点：这些不定代词都视作单数处理，表示某物，某人，某地（1）作主语 Someone is waiting for you. No one is in the classroom.（2）作宾语 Have you got anything to say? Did you see anything else in the classroom?（3）不定代词被形容词修饰时，定语放在它们的后面 Ive got something interesting to tell you. Theres nothing new in the newspaper.3）a few,few,a little,little前两者修饰Cn.后两者修饰Un.few,little表示否定，意思是几乎没有；a few, a little表示肯定，意思是有几个，有一点Eg.(1)Theres still a little time left,you neednt hurry. (2)I cant buy anything because I have little money on me.重点：still,only,quite,just后只能加a little/a few（无论前四个单词的位置在句子中的何处） very,so ,enough,too后只能加little,few4）both（两者都，复数）all（三者以上都，复数） neither（两者都不，单数）none（三者以上都不，单复数）either（两者中任一个，单数） both and, neither nor, eitheror总结：两者三者及以上肯定bothall否定neithernone任一eitherany（1）作主语Both of the twins are doctors.All of them are honest.Neither of them is a doctor.None of them is/are honest.（2）词组Both Li Ping and I are students.Neither Li Ping nor I am a students.重点：碰到“连词A。连词B”时，动词就近原则；“A+连词+B”就前原则（3）作形容词 on both sides of the river = on either side of the river（4）句子的转换(a).Both of them are teachers. 改为否定句：Neither of them is a teacher.(b).All of us are students. 改为否定句：None of us is a student.或 None of us are student.5）both,all,each,every之间的区别词义作代词作形容词Both（两个）都Both of my parentsBoth sides of the streetAll（三个及以上）都All of the studentsAll the applesEach（两个中的）每一个Each of my feetEach footevery（三个及以上）每一个Every word总结： 6）one the other(s)表示一个其余的，是有范围的【注意：one the other+名词复数：特指三个及以上时，“一个另几个”】 some others表示一些另一些，是无范围的 another表示许多中的另一个，再个（one anotherthe third）（each other 指两个人或物之间“相互”；one another指三个及以上人或物之间“相互”）eg. (1)He has two brothers. One is an engineer,the other is a writer. (2)Some like football. Othe