修辞学课件：metaphor.ppt

Metaphor Thedefinitionsofmetaphor 1 Ametaphorisanimpliedsimile Ametaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichtwodifferentthingsarecomparedwithouttheuseofthewords as like as as asthough asif etc 2 Ametaphor likeasimile alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements butunlikeasimile thiscomparisonisimpliedratherstated 冯翠华 1995 Differencesbetweenmetaphorandsimile Inasimile thewordslike as as soareusedtomakethecomparison asin Jimwasascunningasafox Theworldislikeastage Inametaphor however thecomparisonwouldappearsimplyas 1a Jimwasafox 2a Theworldisastage Ametaphor then isinasenseacondensedsimile differingfromthelatteronlyinformandartistry Itisahigherform though andnotallmetaphorscanberecast togiveanewshapeto assimiles Itrequiresgreaterabilityonthepartofthereadertoperceivethehiddenassociation theinsightintopersons thingsorideasthatisimplied Forwhereasinasimiletheparticularaspectofthepointofresemblancebetweentwounlikeelementsisgiven inametaphornothingisstated Takingthesentence Jimwasascunningasafox forexample wecanseethattheaspectofcunningnessinbothmanandfoxiscompared butin Jimwasafox thisaspectisnotindicated Tosummarize ametaphorshowsacloserrelationbetweenthetenorandthevehicle Asaresultofitscondensedform comparedwithasimile itismoresuitabletoexpressthemorevividimages feelings TraditionalMetaphorandConceptualMetaphor Thetraditionalviewofmetaphor onlyregardeditasalinguisticphenomenon afigureofspeech toornamentlanguages Whereascognitivelinguistsproposethatitbelongsnotonlytothecategoryoflanguage butalsotothecategoryofthinkingandcognition Itisregardedasbasicthinking cognitiveandconceptualizationmodes Howdoesitcomeintobeing Metaphorization thatis structuresareprojectedfromoneconceptualdomain sourcedomain ontotheotherone targetdomain Entitiesinthesourcedomainsaregenerallymorefamiliar moreconcreteandmoretangible whereasentitiesinthetargetdomainsaremoreunfamiliar moreabstract Thusthemoreabstractentities processes ect canbewellexplainedintermsofmoretangible moreconcreteentities Classificationsofmetaphors 1 Centralcases AisB Sheisreallyaduck hethought Galsworthy 他心里想 她真是一个可爱的人 Habitisacable everydayweweaveathread andsoonwecannotbreakit 习惯乃绳缆 我们每天编进一根线 很快它就结实不断 Thepastisthebankinwhichwestoreourmostvaluablepossession thememoriesthatgivemeaninganddepthtoourlives Alltheworldisastage Andallthemenandwomenaremerelyplayers Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts Hisactsbeingsevenages Shakespeare AsYouLikeIt 大千世界是个舞台 所有男男女女不外是戏子 各有登场和退场 一生扮演着那么些角色 七样年龄分七幕 2 Extendedcases Thereareavarietyoflinguisticformsoftheextendedcases Verb metaphors a 1 Also hehadmoneyinhispocket andasintheolddayswhenapayday hemadethemoneyfly 2 Theriversnakeditswaythroughthejungle 那条小河蛇行斗折穿过丛林 3 Don tmonkeywiththenewradio 4 Hewolfeddownhissupper 5 TheDuchess thewifeofaduke ofCroydonkeptfirm tightreinonherracingmind 克罗伊顿公爵夫人牢牢地控制着飞快奔驰的思绪 把思绪当作奔马来写 b Hismiserybeggareddescription c 1 Ihavebeenwrestlingwiththisproblem 2 Heshruggedoffmysuggestion d 1 Agoodteacherplantstheloveoflearninginstudents 2 Jackwiltedunderthepressure e1 Hisfollowersmeltedawayatfirstsightofdanger 2 Webubbledoverwithexcitement 3 Theenergy thefaith thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavorwilllightourcountryandallwhoserveit andtheglowfromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld J F Kennedy 我们从事这一事业的那种精力 信念和献身精神将照耀我们的国家和一切为此出力的人们 这一火焰发出的光芒将真正照亮这个世界 把精力 信念和献身精神当作火光来描写 4 Thecharmofconversationisthatitdoesnotreallystartfromanywhere andnoonehasanyideawhereitwillgoasitmeandersorleapsandsparklesorglows H Fairlie 谈话的魅力就在于它没有专门话题作为起点 当谈话像流水一样缓慢徜徉或急湍直下 像火焰一样熠熠闪烁 没有人知道它会向什么方向发展 把谈话当作流水和火焰来写 NounMetaphor the etc vehicle of tenorAcarpetofgreengrasscoveredtheslopesofthemountain 2 Shewasanangelofwife 3 Thatisouridiotofguide 4 atyrantofafather5 themountainofawave Herbruteofahusband她野兽般的丈夫Aboyofagirl男孩子气的女孩子Agirlofaboy女孩子气的男孩子 AdjectiveMetaphorItisathornyproblem Hisspeechtouchedoffastormyprotest MetaphorinIdiomsNosmokewithoutfire Badnewshaswings 3 abadappleA Oh myGod Whathappened Whyareyoublackandblue B IgotbeatenbyPeter sbrother A That sabadapple Let sthinkupawayandteachhimalesson 4 adoginthemangerA Givetheskatestome B Youshutup A Ifyoudon tknowhowtoskate whydon tyougivetheskatestome Don tbeadoginthemanger 5 agaydogA It sstrangetheyshouldgetalongsowell B That snothingunusual A Youdon tknowmuchaboutthecouple Onelikestobealone buttheotherisabitofagaydog 6 ahardnutA Bobrefusedallhisclassmate sinvitations B Ireallycouldn tunderstandhim A He ssurelyahardnut nobodylikesapproachinghim B We dbetteralsoleavehimalone 7 nopains nogains 8 fatcatA Where rethosepopularactressesinourschooltime B Getintomarriage A Caneveryonefindafatcat B Everyonewantsto butnoteveryonesucceeds metaphorsincontexts 语篇 Inthisbook best sellingsciencewritersHeatherCouperandNigerHenbesttakeyouonavividjourneyofdiscoverythroughthemysteryofthecreationoftheUniverse TheyfollowtheUniversefromitsinfancyandturbulentyouthtothepresentandthroughtoitsoldage trillionsandtrillionsofyearsinthefuture Alongtheway theyinvestigatedtheweirdparticlesthatpopulatedtheearlyUniverse howtheUniversemanagedtoavoidself destruction theechoesoftheBigBang andhowweknowtherewasaBigBang 在本书中 畅销科普书作家希瑟 库伯和尼吉尔 亨贝斯特带我们走入探索宇宙生成奥秘的奇妙之旅 他们追随了宇宙的幼年期 狂暴的青年期 现在及至老年 数万亿年后的将来 沿途中 他们探究了聚集在早期宇宙的奇异粒子 宇宙如何成功地防止自我毁灭 大爆炸的回声 以及我们如何知道有大爆炸 4 Metaphors havethreemainuses descriptive illuminativeandillustrative Descriptive drawsharperpicturesinthemindthancouldpossiblybedonebyanyothermeans andwithmuchmorebrevity 1 Thehallwaywaszebra stripedwithdarknessandmoonlight KurtVonnegut Jr Adescriptionofthealternatebandsoflightandshadeinthehall likeazebra sstripes 2 Campaignposterssproutedacrossthelandlikewildflowersafteraspringrain Hereasimileisusedaswellasto illustrate themetaphor Illuminative togivedeeperinsightintopersons things ideas evenproblems throughsuggestiveassociation tothrowlight asitwere ontowhatwouldotherwisebeinconceivabletoordinarypeople 1 NewYorkwasneverMeccatome Th Griffith 2 Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriots Itisitsnaturalmanure ThomasJefferson thesuggestionhereisthatlibertycannotbeachievedordefendedwithoutbloodshed thesheddingofthebloodofboththedefendersandtheoppressorsoflibertyinaviolentstruggle Blood manure nurturesliberty Illustrative toexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorprocessesinsimple concreteimagery YouthBySamuelErmanWhether60or16 thereisineveryhumanbeing sheartthelureofwonders theunfailingchildlikeappetiteofwhat snextandthejoyofthegameofliving Inthecenterofyourheartandmyheartthereisawirelessstation solongasitreceivesmessagesofbeauty hope cheer courage andpowerfrommenandfromtheinfinite solongasyouareyoung