三级语法讲义.doc

英语三级考试讲义句子成分简介：主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east. Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. （主语从句）谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征 We study English. 宾语：1)动作的承受者动宾I like China. 2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? 3) 双宾语间宾(指人)和直宾(指物) He gave me a book yesterday. I want to know what theyre talking about.（宾语从句）系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来)， look(看起来)， feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感觉) , turn(变成）。表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. Five and five is ten. He is asleep. The food tastes good. This is what I want.（表语从句）宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. We will make them happy. We found nobody in. Please make yourself at home. Dont let him do that. (省to不定式)主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。 Tom is a chemistry teacher.(名词)He is our friend. (代词)We belong to the third world. (数词)He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)The man over there is my old friend.(副词)The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Cla2. (现在分词)The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)The next train to arrive is from Washington. (不定式)You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子， 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式或让步。 I will go there tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike.Though he is young, he can do it well.同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词, 对前者加以说明的成分。同位语只有主语和宾语才有，由名词性短语充当。 1. 单词作同位语：This is my friend Tom.2. 短语作同位语 I, the oldest boy in the family, always had to care for the other children. 3. 直接引语作同位语 But now the question comes to his mind, “Does she really love him?” 4. 句子作同位语 The news that he was married is not true.主句与从句：从句前面一般必须有关联词（what, when, though, that, who,because等来引导，而主句前一般不用任何关联词。Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. （主语从句）I want to know what theyre talking about.（宾语从句一 语法1.1 动词的时态 (以主语I为例)时间状态一般进行完成过去一般过去时I studied过去进行时I was studying过去完成时I had studied过去完成进行时I had been studying现在一般现在时I study现在进行时I am studying现在完成时I have studied现在完成进行时I have been studying 将来一般将来时I will study将来进行时I will be studying将来完成时I will have studied将来完成进行时I will have been studying在过去看将来一般过去将来时I would study过去将来进行时I would be studying过去将来完成时I would have studied过去将来完成进行时I would have been studying1.1.1一般现在时1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。例：I dont think you are right.我以为你错了。4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。（1）They will go home for winter vacation as soon as they _their exams.A. have finishedB. finishC. finishedD. was finishing（答案：B）（1996年22题）（2）When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heatB. will be heatedC. is heatedD. has heated（答案：C）（1992年59题）1.1.2 一般过去时1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8 years old等。例：Youve already missed too many classes this term .You _ two classes just last week.A. missedB. would missC. had missedD. have missed（答案：A。有具体的表示过去的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995年59题）2、used to do sth：过去常常做（暗示现在不做了）例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）3、it is (high) time（that）句型中，谓语动词用过去时。(这其实是个虚拟语气)例：Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give up（答案：B）（1999年31题）例：Its high time we _ something to stop traffic accident.A. doB. will doC. didD. must do（答案：C）（1996年43题）4.would rather句子（过去时/过去完成时）（这也是虚拟语气）（1）如果表示现在或将来要做的事情,从句的谓语动词用一般过去式.Id rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning. (将来)我但愿你明天早上能在机场见到他.Id rather we had a rest now .(现在)我希望我们现在休息一下.（2）.如果谈论过去动作,从句的谓语动词用过去完成式.Id rather you hadnt told him the news that day. (过去)我宁可你那天没有把那消息告诉他.例：Id _ you didnt touch that, if you dont mind.A. ratherB. betterC. happierD. further（答为案：A）（1998年45题）例：I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner.A. comeB. would comeC. cameD. have come（答案为C）（2002年46题）1.1.3一般将来时 1.will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。2.be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？3.be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 三环路将在国庆节前通车。4.be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在 进 行时可表示将来。例：（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。 （2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。 1.1.4过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。例：He wanted to know when the conference would start.他想知道会议何时开始。注：在时间或条件状语从句中，将来时要用一般时来表示。例：If you come here on time tomorrow, I will be very happy.例：（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _their exams.A. have finishedB. finishC. finishedD. was finishing（答案：B）（1996年22题）例：（2）When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heatB. will be heatedC. is heatedD. has heated（答案：C）（1992年59题） 例：(3) Smith is to study medicine as soon as he _ military service.A. will finish B. has finished C. finish D.would finish(选b, 1993年第40题)例：（4）Please be sure to telephone me the next time you _.A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come (D. 1993年第49题)1.1.5现在进行时1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。例：The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。1.1.6过去进行时1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。2、when 和while 的用法（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _tennis.A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played（答案：A。when既指时间点，也可指一段时间；while只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态，而when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态。）（1998年43题）（2）One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping（前半句用进行时+when+一般过去时：一件事情正在发生，突然又发生了另一件事）（答案为D）（1996年23题）3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。1.1.7现在完成时1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了）（2）I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。（1）He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。（现在还住在这儿）（2）Theyve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。（现在还继续来往）3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is（has been） +时间+since.（过去时）英语中有些动词不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。（1）He has _ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A. gone intoB. joined inC. been inD. come into（答案：C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时，只能用含有持续意义的动词，不可用瞬间性动词。Go into, join in以及come into 都是瞬间动词词组，不能与for ten years 搭配）（1995年49题）（2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。（如果是非延续动词，这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。）4、have（has）been to 和have （has）gone to 的区别have（has ）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever 连用。have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。（1）He has gone to America.（意思为他已经去了美国，现在不在此地）（2）He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。5如果句子中有in the past_ years 这样的词组，在主句中的时态可以用现在完成时。例：English _ in a new way at my college in the past few years.A. has been teaching B. was Being taught C. has been taught D. had been taught(1992年第60题)1.1.8过去完成时1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。例：（1）About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _ paper.A. inventedB. had inventedC. have inventedD. had been invented（答案：B）（1997年35题）例：（2）The chemistry class_ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been on B.was on C. has been on D. would be on(选a, 1995年第24题) 2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。例：The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on（答案：A）（1995年24题）3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。4、过去完成时常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，一就。句型之中，句子到装。（1）No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. thanB. whenC. asD. while（答案为A）（1997年50题）（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。1.1.9将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。比如如果从句是by加上一个将来的时间，那么主句中就可以用这种形势。例：1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _.A. will haveB. leavesC. will have leftD. is leaving（答案：C）（1995年25题）例：2、I _ writing the article by the time you get back.A. shall finishB. must have finishedC. have finishedD. shall have finished（答案：D） （2000年24题）例：3、All the machines _ by the end of the following week.A. were repaired B. will be repaired C. have been repaired D. will have been repaired(1993年第50题)1.1.10现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束， 但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。例：I _ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A. was knockingB. am knockingC. knockingD. have been knocking（答案：D）（1998年49题）2、被动语态考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。1.2.1感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。上面这些动词速记口诀：Make have 看(watch)；Let 听（hear） 觉(feel) 见(see)；Help后跟不定式，有to无to你随便。1、The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. cameB. comeC. to comeD. have come（答案为C）（2000年58题）2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。1.2.2有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。1、The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。2、The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请大夫了。1.2.3情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。1、The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。2、Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。1.2.4用主动表示被动的含义常用：need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物）Need doing=need to be doneRequire doing=require to be doneBe worth doing值得做（表示被动）The place is worth visiting.这个地方值得旅游You car needs repairing=your car needs to be repaired.例：My room is a mess. It needs _.A to be tidying upB. tidying upC. to tidy upD. tidied up（答案为B）（2000年47题）3.情态动词表示推测情态动词must, can/could, may/might, need, should, ought to +动词原型/现在完成时。这个结构可以表示对一件事情的推测。前者表示对现在或将来的推测，后者表示对过去的推测。1 情态动词+do 表示对现在或将来的推测/判断2 情态动词+have done 表示对过去的推测/判断不同的情态动词表示的含义是有所不同的。Must结构表示特别肯定的推测，几乎是肯定会发生的。Can/could以及may/might的肯定程度不大。1 Must 表示特表肯定的判断，所以一般不用在否定句/疑问句中2 Can/could/may/might表示一种可能，可以用在否定句/疑问句中。3 Should/ought to/need表示某事应该做但却没有做，或某事不应该做但却做了。例：1、Mr. Green _ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A. must have receivedB. must have failed to receiveC. must receiveD. must fail to receive（答案：B）（1998年44题）例：2、I believe he _ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A. would have hadB. could have hadC. should have hadD. must have had（答案为D）（2001年58题）例：3、They have done things they ought _.A. not to doB. not to be doneC. not to have doneD. not having done（答案为C）（1999年59题）例：4、Im sorry I couldnt get in touch with him before he left, I _ him earlier.A. had a telephoneB. have phonedC. should have phonedD. should be phoned（答案为C）（2000年26题）例：5、The house is dark; the Browns_to bed. A. may go B. should go C.should have gone D.must have gone(选d, 1993年第46 题)例：6、I_asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night.A. might fall B.must fall C.must have fallen D.can have fallen(选c,1994年第59)4. 虚拟语气如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以as if, as though 引导的从句；以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is necessary（important）that引导的主语从句；It is time （that）句型中。1.4.1虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式对现在虚拟If+动词过去式（be用were而不用was）Would（第一人称可以用should）+动词原形对过去虚拟If +had+过去分词Would（第一人称可以用should）+have+过去分词对将来虚拟If+were to+动词原形或If+should+动词原形Would（第一人称可以用should）+动词原形1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him.A. had knownB. have knownC. knewD. know（答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时）（1995年38题）2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _ the same language?A. spokeB. speakC. had spokenD. will speak（答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。）3、If Bob_ with us, he would have had a good time.A. would comeB. would have comeC. had comeD. came（答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。）（1995年59题）1.4.2、if的省略形式如果将虚拟语气的标志if省略，则要将if后面的主谓倒装。在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。例：1、_ you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized thatD. As I realized（答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were，had，或should等移至主语之前。）（1996年39题）例：2、_, I should ask them some questions.A. Should they come to usB. If they come to usC. Were they come to usD. Had they come to us（答案：A。与将来事实相反。）（1997年30题） 1.4.3含蓄条件句有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。例：1、Without your help, we _ so much.A. didnt achieveB. would not have achievedC. will not achieveD. dont achieve（答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。）（1996年33题）例：2、But for the rain, we _ a nice holiday.A. should haveB. would have hadC. would haveD. will have had（答案：B。2003年28题）1.4.4、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)动词原形。I wish I were not so busy. 但愿我不那样忙碌。I wish I were was better looking. 要是我长得漂亮些就好了。She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔的是她当时要是留在家里就好了。I wish you would/could go with us tomorrow. 要是你明天同我们一起去就好了。例：1、Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college.A. could studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. would study（答案：C）（2000年53题）例：2、I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I _ there.A. wereB. would beC. had beenD. will be（答案：C）（2001年53题）1.4.5、以as if，as though引导的从句在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。例：1、He talks as if he _ everything in the world.A. knowsB. knewC. had knownD. would have known（答案：B。as if（though）从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。）例：2、You are talking as if you had seen them你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）1.4.6、would rather 后面的从句用虚拟语气1.用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望。Id rather you came next Saturday.我宁愿你下周六来。2. 用过去完成时表示过去的愿望Id rather you hadnt done that.我宁愿你没有这样做。例：1、Id _ you didnt touch that, if you dont mind.A. ratherB. betterC. happierD. further（答为案：A）（1998年45题） 例：2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner.A. comeB. would comeC. cameD. have come（答案为C）（2002年46题）1.4.7以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。例：1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _ an operation right away so as to save his life.A. hadB. would haveC. haveD. was going to have（答案：C）（1998年28题）例：2、His mother insisted that he _ the coat when going out.A. put onB. puts onC. to putD. putting on（答案：A）（1999年58题）注：如果在句中出现的不是这些动词，而是这些动词的名词形势，那么在后面的同位语从句中仍然要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。例：It is a good suggestion that we come here at six p.m.1.4.8、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。例：1、Its desired that she _ to teach us at least twice a week.A. comesB. will comeC. comeD. may come（答案：C）（1997年29题）例：2、Its urgent that a meeting _ before the final decision is made.A. will be arrangedB. must be arrangedC. be arrangedD. would be arranged（答案：C）（2003年45题） 1.4.9、It is (high) time (that)引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形，should不可以省略。优先使用过去式。1、Its high time we _ something to stop traffic accident.A. doB. will doC. didD. must do（答案：C）（1996年43题）2、Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give u