英语精读笔记91到99.doc

考研阅读精读笔记（91-92）(2009-06-30 17:38:39) 问：如何提高阅读分数？答：先提高阅读能力。问：如何提高阅读能力？答：单词；精读；泛读。一、背会大纲要求的所有单词。认识的单词越多，阅读时速度就越快，精度就越高。二、做一定量的精读。所谓精读，是吃透一篇文章的所有内容：尤其是固定短语和固定句型。上过我阅读课的同学一定有一个感触，很多时候，做不对题，不是不认识单词，而是不认识单词的组合，即固定短语和固定句型。比如A in response to B（作为对B的反应/回应的A），比如A characteristic of B（作为B的特点的A），再比如in the knowledge of A（知道A，了解A）。这些短语在词典里很少有收录，但是在考试收录的文章里却比比皆是。所以这一步和第一步同样重要。许许多多英语底子好的牛人，不懂精读，只埋头泛读，每天四篇，坚持一年，收效甚微，原因就在这。去年班上一个同学，平时遵从我的建议，扎扎实实地做精读，结果在2009年1月的考场上，光阅读部分就拿了36分。三、尽可能多的泛读。泛读的作用，在于复习和巩固前两步的成果，在于提高阅读速度，在于开拓视野。阅读想拿及格分，前两步足矣，要向上突破，必须大量泛读。做精读，最理想的材料莫过于历年考研阅读文章，最理想的方法莫过于：六遍三方面。第一遍：模拟测试，把做每一年的题当成亲临考场，不查词典，不间断，一气做完。第二遍：标记疑难，把文中所有不懂的词句全部用铅笔勾画出来。第三遍：逻辑推断，依据上下文的逻辑关系，试着推导勾画出的词句的意思。第四遍：推敲答案，根据老师或参考书的讲解，搞清楚每道题每个选项选或不选的理由。第五遍：解决疑难，根据老师或参考书的讲解，或者根据词典，标注出每一个疑难词句的含义。第六遍：全文翻译，在前五个步骤全部履行的基础上，将全篇文章，包括题目和选项，逐字逐句翻译成汉语，有疑问的地方，参看参考书，或者咨询师友。三个方面：1、所有的单词都能说出汉语意思；2、所有的句子都能分析出结构；3、所有的答案都能重现选择的过程。考研阅读文章，从1991年到2009年，总共81篇，用以上精读方法过一遍，再加上每天一小时的泛读，考研70分如探囊取物。想考高分的同学，可以将历年完型和翻译的全文，如法炮制。适合泛读的材料：大学课本，新概念英语，大学英语四六级考试阅读真题，English Digest（英语文摘）.为了便于大家用精读法复习，除了前面提供的历年阅读文章的译文，我又花了整整两个星期，每天不少于3小时，把1991年到1999年的阅读部分我要求同学做笔记的内容全部整理了出来。不谓呕心沥血，也称得上汗水之作，望诸君善待。祝大家早日达到并超越考研的标准。精读笔记简写介绍：L: language points 语言点S: complex sentences 长难句W: writing expressions 写作表达以上三种，是精读的重点，是提高阅读能力的最佳捷径。语言点只需牢记；长难句需要自己分析、翻译并背诵（我所做的翻译以直译为主，重在表现句子的结构，如果不符合汉语的表达习惯，就再附以意译）；写作表达不但应该背诵，还应该作仿写。要提醒大家的是，我所谓的写作表达只是考试中一些最常用的，并不意味着一篇文章只能有这么多写作表达。实际上，文章中任何一个词，任何一个短语，任何一句话，都可能用在我们的写作中。只要熟练，一切皆有可能。读书破万卷，下笔如有神。我们不需要有神，能出彩就行了。想出彩，认真做到以上三步，就足够了。词性略语表：n.: noun 名词 v.: verb 动词 vt: 及物动词 vi: 不及物动词prep.: preposition 介词 conj.: conjunction 连词1991Passage OneL：triumph n./v. 胜利urgent a.紧急的struggle to do 努力做，试图做hold back 阻止，隐瞒tide n.潮流 tidal a.ingredient n.要素；配料of prep. = among 在.当中accountability n.责任，责任心，责任感accountable a.负责的account for 解释；占据(比例)为sth负责 be liable for sth liable: responsible, accountable, answerablevalues n.价值观ultimate a.最终的，最大的 ultimately ad.impose sth on sb 将sth强加于sbexternal a.外部的internal a.内部的restraint n.限制 restrain vt.限制guilt n.内疚，内疚感；罪行，罪责be guilty of sth 对sth有罪embarrass vt.使尴尬 embarrassment munity n.社区；社会；界，圈子；地方the scientific community 科学界hold up 举起；支撑；阻碍proclaim v.宣称tolerate v.容忍，宽容loose a.松的，松散的loosen v.使松，使松散typical a.典型的consider A B 把A看作BA is considered B. A被看作B。enrage vt.激怒 rage n.愤怒breakdown n.崩溃；分解radical a.根本的；激进的shift n./v.转变，转换，变动commit crimes 犯罪victim n.牺牲品victimize vt.使成为牺牲品shocking a.令人震惊的reverse v./a./n.颠倒；倒退；反转 reversal n.underprivileged a.弱势的，缺乏基本权益的bring up 抚养；提出upbringing n. 抚养；提出fail to do 未能；无法moral a.道德的；品行端正的guidance n.指导，引导 guide v.stable a.稳定的disadvantaged a. 弱势的，缺乏基本权益的circumstances n.环境engage in = be engaged in 从事，进行desperate a.绝望的；不顾一切的desperately ad. 绝望的；不顾一切的；及其，非常wise a. 智慧的，明智的 wisdom n.evil n./a.邪恶prevail vi. 占上风，盛行，流行 prent a. prence n.virtue n.美德；优点defeat n./v.击败；失败desirable a.可取的 = advisable a. = preferable a. = favorable a.bear the blame for sth 为sth负责be held responsible for sth 为sth负责be responsible for sth 为sth负责self-discipline n.自律mutual a.相互的；共同的stick to sth 坚持sthrestrict v.限制restriction n.限制restrictive a.限制的，限制性的S:A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.一个智者曾经说过，对于邪恶的胜利来说，所需要的唯一一个东西，就是好人什么都不做。W:day after day 日复一日Day after day we have to face challenges in life.日复一日，我们必须面对生活中的挑战。in (the) face of A 面对AIn the face of challenges, some may shrink, some may give up, but some will stand up.面对挑战，有些人或许会退缩，有些人或许会放弃，但有些人会挺身而出。keep away from A 远离AIt is desirable for us to keep away from harmful habits.我们应该远离坏习惯。improve the standards of living 提高生活水平Since the reform and opening-up, the public standards of living have been dramatically improved. 自从改革开放以来，人们的生活水平已经大大改善。compared with A 与A相比Compared with cars, bikes are more environment friendly.与汽车相比，自行车更环保。lack sympathy for ASome lack sympathy for those in disadvantaged circumstances.有些人缺乏对弱势群体的同情。set a good example for sb 为某人树立一个好榜样Lei Feng set a good example for every one of us.雷锋给我们每一个人都树立了一个好榜样。Passage TwoL:adolescence n.青春期adulthood n.成年，成年期adult n./a.成年；成年的as to 关于constitute vt.构成constitution n.构成；体质；宪法maturity n.成熟 mature a.primitive a.原始的frequently ad. = often 经常 frequent a.relatively ad.相对的，比较的，很pattern n.模式；规律prolonged a.延长的 prolong vt. 延长couple n.一对，两口子a couple of 几个coupled with 伴随，伴随着status n.身份，地位，状态given a.特定的frontier n.边界，边界定居区；前沿，尖端universally ad. 普遍地 universal a.ceremony n.仪式formal a.正式的informal a.不正式的recognition n.承认，认可 recognize vt.symbolic a.象征的，象征性的 symbol n.significance n. 重要性，意义 significant a.initiation n.使进入；开始，使开始initiation ceremony n.进入仪式，开始仪式；成年仪式sequence n.系列 sequent a.privilege n.特权minor a./n.较小的remove vt.去除 removal n.grant vt.授予fare n.票价basically ad.基本上；基本而言 basic a.obtain vt.获得license n.执照vote v.投票liquor n.烈酒financial a.金融的；财政的；财务的finance n.金融；财政； vt.资助contract n.合同contract vt.收缩entitlement n.授权；权利additional a.额外的，其他的acquire vt.获得majority n.大部分；主体attain vt.获得；达到provision n.提供；预防，准备；约定；规定point to 表明mark vt.标志着give place to 让位于dividing line 分界线exist vi.存在 existence n. existent a.permission n.允许 permit vt.join the army 参军S:The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.青春期，也就是说介于儿童期与成年期之间的那段时期，可长可短，（其长短）取决于社会（对个体）的期待，还取决于社会对于构成成熟和成年的标准的定义。In modern society, there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.在现代社会，对于什么能构成（成年期的）开始仪式，（人们）不再有一致的观点。W:be entitled to do 被授权做，有权利做Everyone is entitled to receive education. 人人都有权利接受教育。Everyone is entitled to pursue happiness. 人人都有权利追求幸福。Passage Three：L:contain v.包括，包含；遏制term A B = call A B = name A B 把A称作Bcomposed of 由.组成composition n.组成；结构；作品occur vi.发生mineral element 矿物质dissolve v.溶解solution n.溶液woody a.木质的；木头的stem n.茎干tissue n.组织in the presence of 在.存在的情况下solid a./n.固体；紧密的minute a.微小的 n.分钟opening n.开口；空缺vapor n.蒸汽trace n.极少量；踪迹quantity n.数量saturation n.饱和saturate v.饱和3 parts in 10 parts 十分之三F = Fahrenheit 华氏温度；华氏温度计intake n.摄入；摄入量in proportion to 与.成比例的；与.相比的concentration n.集中；聚集synthesis n.合成synthesize vt.合成sustain v.支撑in terms of 就.而言derive sth from A 从A获得sthpreserve v.保存develop an idea 阐述一个观点utilize vt.利用absorb v.吸收S:It is as proper to do A as to do B. 做A和做B是一样恰当的。It is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building.把植物称作水构造，和把一所主要由砖构成的房子称作砖房一样，都是恰当的。1992Passage Onewell a.可取的，可接受的；健康的manners n.行为举止horrible a.可怕地 horror n.恐怖monster n.怪物；恶人behind the wheel 驾车altogether ad. 完全；总共；总之tolerate vt.容忍，宽容inconsiderate a.不体谅的call for 需要，要求campaign 运动；战役get out of hand 失控motorist n.司机A is the exception to the rule. 对于规则/规律，A是一个例外。resist v.抵制，抵御 resistance n. resistant a.temptation n.诱惑，引诱 tempt vt.revenge v./n.报复subject A to B 使A遭受/服从BA is subjected to B. A遭受到B。/ A服从于Buncivilized a.不文明的go a long way towards 对.大有帮助tension n. 紧张 tense a.nod n./v.点头wave n./v.波浪；挥手acknowledgement n.承认，认可 acknowledge v.A in response to B = A in reaction to B 作为对B的反应的Aatmosphere n.气氛；大气，大气层rare a.罕见的brake v./n.刹车violently ad.用力地；暴力地 violent a.emerge vi.出现a side street 辅道hazard n.危险 hazardous a.following a.随后的traffic n.车辆；交通；流量clear a.畅通的anyway ad. 无论如何zebra crossing 斑马线oncoming a.迎面而来的vehicle n.车辆in time 及时cross the road 过马路care to do = want to do 想要highway n.公路veteran n.老兵；老手faultless a.无瑕疵的，无可挑剔的 fault n.毛病，缺点，缺陷filter v./n.过滤；缓慢动traffic stream 车流blockage n.阻塞；拥堵 block v.give rise to A 导致Alet alone 更不用说master vt.掌握；精通subtle a.微妙的roadsmanship n.道路使用者的风范statesmanship n.政治家的风范ownership n.所有权explosion n.爆炸 explode v.take sth to heart 记住sthunjust a.不公平的，不公正的occasionally ad.偶尔prompt a.迅捷的severe a.严重的；严厉的savage a.野蛮的yield to A 向A让步，向A屈服suffer great loss 遭受巨大的损失pay respect to A 尊敬Abadly ad.非常apply vt.用；申请S:It takes A to do . 做.需要AIt took (sb) A to do . 做.花费了（某人的）A A通常指时间和钱It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.当遭遇到不文明行为时，要抵御住报复的诱惑，需要司机们当中那些头脑最冷静、脾气最好的人。当遭遇到不文明行为时，只有那些头脑最冷静、脾气最好的司机，才能克制住自己不去报复。A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.作为对别人礼貌行为的回应，友好的点点头，或者挥挥手表示认可，会有助于创造一种在当今交通环境中非常必要的、善意的和宽容的气氛。W:It takes A to do . 做.需要AIt took (sb) A to do . 做.花费了（某人的）A A通常指时间和钱It takes time and patience to have a good command of English.学好英语需要时间和耐心。It took me a whole hour to make sense of the sentence.理解这个句子，花了我整整一个小时。make sacrifices 做出牺牲the rhythm of modern life = the pace of modern life 现代生活的节奏well-mannered = polite = civilized 有礼貌的bad-mannered = impolite = uncivilized = rude 没礼貌的Passage TwoL:greenhouse n. 温室ray n.光线prevent sb from doing 阻止sb做prediction n.预测 predict v.fuel n.燃料take place = happen = occur vi.发生the poles 两极地区，两极 polar a.melt v.融化flood v./n.淹没；洪水coastal a.海岸的 coast n.lead to A = result in A 导致Aalteration n.改变，变化 alter v.zone n.地带，地区concentrate on 聚集于，集中于the Antarctic 南极ice sheet 冰层 sheet n.张，片ice cap 冰盖pay attention to A 注意Aaffect vt.影响in other words 换句话说available a.可获得的fit vt.适合up to now 迄今为止exceed vt.超越have an effect on A 对A有影响variable a.可变的，多变的variation n.变化 vary vi.astronomer n.天文学家rotate v.旋转present vt.给；呈现considerable a.相当大的，相当多的distribution n.分布；分配；销售consequently ad.因此circulation n.循环over a long term = in a long term 就长远来看output n.输出 input n.输入cycle n.循环，周期latest a.最近的，最新的downward a. ad.向下的mutual a.相互的；共同的model n.模型；模式，理论；模特interaction n.互动climate n.气候；风气assume v.假定有.，假定.存在 assumption n.overcome vt.克服counterbalance n./v.平衡；抵消；补偿diminish vt.减少account for 解释，是.的原因；占据hemisphere n.半球level n.水平；标准；程度exclusively ad.完全地due to A 因为Aon the basis of A 在A的基础上take effect 生效delay v./n.延迟；拖延W：be of the opinion that 认为I am of the opinion that both arguments hold some truth.我认为两种观点都有点道理。Passage ThreeL:contest n./v.比赛，竞赛 contestant n.选手，竞赛者false a.假的；错误的hatred n.仇恨 hate v.brotherhood n.兄弟情谊；兄弟关系tragic a.悲剧的，悲剧性的tragedy n.悲剧incident n.小事件involve vt.涉及，卷入murder n./v.谋杀ruin vt.毁掉lesser a.较次的，较差的principally ad.主要 principal a.medal n.奖牌，奖章visible a.看得见的；明显的indignation n.义愤；愤怒 indignant a.final n.决赛final a.最终的scene n.景色；场面at the end of 在.结束的时候；在.的末段/终点object to A 反对Agoal n.进球；目标disallow vt.不允许；不承认opponent n.对手，敌手 oppose vt.反对victory n. 胜利 victorious a.in a rage 发怒suspension n.暂停；悬挂 suspend v.announce vt.宣布disputable a.有争议的disturbance n.干扰；骚乱；失调 disturb vt.court n.球场；庭院；法庭，法院；宫廷appeal n.上诉，申诉；呼吁；吸引jury n.陪审团；评审团debate v./n.辩论stand v.有效，成立silver n.银；银色competitively ad.竞争性地rather than 而不是aggressive a.好斗的；侵略的；有上进心的，积极的patriotism n.爱国主义 patriot n.爱国者breed v. (bred, bred)哺育；产生take part in an activity 参加一个活动dissolve vt.解散display vt./n.展示，表现；展览hesitant a.犹豫的make a decision 做决定reject vt.拒绝undesirable a.不好的obedient a.听话的，服从的 obey vt.服从common a.常见的；普通的；共同的draw a conclusion 得出结论athlete n.运动员be liable for A 对A负责S:The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for.运动员应该作为个人，或以非国家队的形式参与竞争，这样的建议可能要求太高。W:Some people believe that . Others say that the opposite is true: that . There is probably some truth in both arguments, but .有人认为，. 其他人则持相反的观点：. 两者可能都有道理，但是.be convinced that 认为考研阅读精读笔记（93-94）(2009-06-30 17:40:55) 转载标签： 杂谈1993Passage OneL:critical a.重要的，关键的；批评的，批判的starve v.饿；饿死drastic a.极端的；有力度的；严厉的mother tongue 母语infant n.婴儿capacity n.能力；容量severe a.严重的；严厉的nevertheless = nonetheless conj. 尽管如此insensitive to A 对A不敏感signal n./v. 信号；发信号Sb is programmed to do. 某人天生能做neglect vt.忽略 negligence n. negligent a.ideal a./n.理想的；理想stage n.阶段；舞台eventually ad.最终turn out to be 结果证明是command n./v.命令；指挥；掌握style n.风格sight n.视觉；看到；视力feel n.触觉toy n.玩具pattern n.模式，样式，方式；规律incredible a.不可思议的，难以置信的mixture n.混合；混合物induce vt.诱导，引诱grasp n./v.抓；抓住；掌握respond to A 对A做出反应/回应dull a.迟钝；枯燥 vt.使迟钝discourage vt.使灰心discouraged a.灰心的，沮丧的verbal a.语言的purpose n.目的at once 突然；立刻inadequately ad.不充分的，不够的 inadequate elligent a.聪明的exceptionally ad.格外，特别remarkable a.非凡，不寻常owe A to B 把A归因于B；有了A是因为Bfaculty n.能力；全体教师；系，院inborn a.天生的anything butselective a.选择性的；选择的 select v.definite a.明确的；具体的necessarily ad.必然，必定not necessarily 未必，不见得，不一定S:such A as B 像B这样的AToday no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick.分析：such severe lack as that ordered by FrederickA：severe lack B: that ordered by Frederick，其中that指代前面的lack介词as引导的介宾短语，作名词lack的后置定语，但因为lack作句子的主语，为了避免头重脚轻，名词和介宾短语被谓语动词exists分割开了。翻译：今天，再不存在像Frederick下命令所造成的那种严重的匮乏。What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”.与猴子的大脑相比，关于人的大脑的特殊之处，是一个复杂的系统，这个系统能让一个小孩把，比如说，对一个玩具熊的视觉和触觉，与“toy-bear”这个单词的发音模式联系起来。And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.更不可思议的是，小孩的大脑有能力从他周围混杂的声音中选出语言的秩序，有能力进行分析，有能力以新的方式对词和句进行组合与重新组合。W:be incapable of 不能Those saying no to books will be incapable of adapting to the information era.那些不读书的人将不能适应信息时代。be exposed to A 接触AVia the Internet, we can be exposed to infinite information.通过互联网，我们可以接触到无限的信息。Passage TwoL:giant a.巨大的 n.巨人enterprise n.企业；事业；上进心bureaucratic a.官僚的management n.管理层；管理machinery n.机器；体系ventilate v.使通风 vent n.孔psychologist n.心理学家psychology n.心理学blue-collar worker 蓝领工人white-collar worker 白领工人puppet n.傀儡；木偶dance to the sth 随着sth的节奏起舞automated = automatic a.自动的，自动化的employee n.雇员 employer n.雇主；用人单位confront vt.直面，面对fundamental a.基本的emotionally ad.情感，从感情上讲 emotional a. emotion ellectually ad.智力，从智力上讲 intellectual ductive a.有创造力的；多产的ladder n.阶梯；梯子insecure a.不安全的；不牢固的；有忧虑的secure a. 安全的；牢固的；无忧虑的 security mote vt.提拔；促进；促销fall behind 落后apply for sth 为了sth而申请，申请以得到sthintelligence n.智力；情报，消息as well as (作连词)和；(作介词)除了submissive a.屈服的，顺从的，服从的 submission n. submitfrom that moment on 从那一刻起superior n.上级 a.优越的，优秀的，上级的subordinate n.下级 a.从属的，次一级的sociability n.好交际，善于交际 sociable a.fellow competitor 竞争对手fellow students 同学fellow workers 同事fellow soldiers 战友very a.(作名词前置定语，表示强调)preindustrial a.工业化之前的mode n.模式，形式capitalism n.资本主义 capitalist a. 资本主义的 n.资本家outgrow vt.因长大而不再拥有；因长大而穿不上transform A into B 把A变成Btransform sth from A into B 把sth从A变为Bindustrialism n.工业化；工业社会maximal a.最大量的，最大化的 maximum n.consumption n.消费；消耗 consume vt.humanist a./n.人文主义，人道主义，人本主义potentiality = potential n.潜能reason n.理性 vt.推理end n.目的；终点；末段render vt. 让，使；演奏，表演；提出；提供；翻译be in harmony with A 与A处于和谐状态humble a.卑微smooth a.平滑，光滑；顺利genuine a.真正的individuality = personality n.个性resort to A = turn to A 求助于A，诉诸Aancestor n.祖先take A for granted 认为A是理所应当的，想当然approval n.同意；批准 approve v.suspicion n.怀疑 suspicious a. suspect v.S：They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.他们生生死死，从来没有作为在情感上和智力上独立且富有创造力的人，去直面过人类生存的那些基本现实。A is no less adj. than B. A和B一样adj. （强调对形容词的肯定）A is no more adj. than B. A和B一样都不adj. （强调对形容词的否定）A is no less poor than B. A和B一样穷。A is no more rich than B. A和B一样都不富。I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities those of love and of reason are the aims of all social arrangements.我建议把我们的社会体系，从一种官僚管理的工业社会，变为一种人性化的工业社会，在官僚管理的工业社会中，最大量的生产和消费本身就是目的，而在人性化的工业社会中，人和人潜能的充分发展 爱与理性的潜能 是所有社会安排的目的。W：A is deprived of B. A被剥夺了B。/A失去了B。Some children in disadvantaged circumstances are deprived of the chance to rece