选修七UnitRobotsPeriod7.doc

Period 7Speaking，Listening and Writing Task设计者邵宁宁Teachinggoals1Talkaboutdifferenttypesofrobotsbyusingexpressionsofsuppositionandbelief.2Listentothreepeopletalkingaboutrobotpets.3Writeadiaryfromtherobotpetspointofview.TeachingproceduresStep1SpeakingtaskAskstudentstousetheirimaginationingroupstodiscussthetypesofrobotsthatcouldbeusedinthefuture.Guidethemtousetheexpressionsbelowinthediscussion.Sample：Robotscanbefoundinthemanufacturingindustry，themilitary，spaceexploration，transportation，andmedicalapplications.Well，formyconclusionI_guessthatrobotsarethewayofthefutureandwillbeusedonadailyusewithoutbeingcontrolledremotelyorbyaperson.I_thinktherewillbedifferentrobotsfordifferentuses.Somewillbeusedforlawenforcementandotherswillbeusedforconstructiveusesonly.Otherswillbebuildingcars，andtherestwillbebuildingthenewschoolswelearninandthehouseswelivein.Step2Listeningtask1Beforelistening，askstudentstolookatthepicturesoftheserobotpetsonPage59.Inpairs，answerthefollowingquestions.(1)Whatkindsofanimaldoyouthinktheyare?(2)Wouldyouliketoownone？Whichone？Givereasons.(3)Doyouthinkhavingarobotasapetisagoodidea？Givereasons.Variousanswersarepossible.Throughaskingstudentsquestionsaboutthepictures，makesurestudentsunderstandthefollowingwordstheywillhearinthelisteningtext：wag，pat，flippers，purrandhiss.2ListentoAmanda，VictoriaandJamietalkingaboutrobotpets.Lookatthepicturesagainandmatchthemwiththerobotsnames.Aibo_Furby_Paro_Tama_Keys：AiboPicture_2FurbyPicture_1ParoPicture_3TamaPicture_43AskstudentstofillinasmuchofthetableonPage60astheycan.Thenlistentothefirstpartofthediscussionagainandcompletethetable.Comparetheiranswerswiththeirpartners.NameTypeofanimalWhatitcandoRobot1Robot2Robot3Robot4Suggestedanswers：NameTypeofanimalWhatitcandoRobot1AiboDogCanwalk，sit，liedownandwagitstail.Learnsthenameyougiveitandcananswerwhenyoucallit.Developsitsownpersonality.Canlearnabout50commands.Robot2FurbyNotstatedbutlookslikeabigearedbirdLikesbeingpatted.Speakshisownlanguage，thengraduallyswitchestoEnglishthemoretimeyouspendwithhim.Robot3ParoSealCanopenandcloseitseyesandmoveitsflippers.Robot4TamaCatCanrecognizeherownname.Purrswhenpatted.Ifyouhithershewillgiveyouanangryhiss.Graduallyherbehaviourchangesandshedevelopsherownpersonality.4.Listentothesecondpartofthediscussionagain.Tickthecorrectboxforeachquestion.AmandaVictoriaJamie1.Whodoesntunderstandwhysomeonewouldwantarobotasapet？2.Whobelievesthatrobotpetsarejusttoys？3.Whothinksthatifsomeonethinksoftherobotasapet，thenitisapet？4.Whobelievesthatyoucanmakearobothappy？5.Whothinksthatrobotpetswouldbegoodforpeoplewhoareunabletohavealivepet？Keys：AmandaVictoriaJamie1.Whodoesntunderstandwhysomeonewouldwantarobotasapet？2.Whobelievesthatrobotpetsarejusttoys？3.Whothinksthatifsomeonethinksoftherobotasapet，thenitisapet？4.Whobelievesthatyoucanmakearobothappy？5.Whothinksthatrobotpetswouldbegoodforpeoplewhoareunabletohavealivepet？Step3Writingtask1Firstaskstudentstoimagineheorsheisarobotpetwhichbelongstoachild.(1)Thinkaboutwhatkindofchildyoubelongto.Isitaboyoragirl？Whatisthechildlike？Isthechildkindornot？Isthechildsickoringoodhealth?(2)WhatkindofrobotpetareyouAibo，Furby，ParoorTama?2Writeaboutonedayinhis/herlifeinhis/herdiary.Remembertowritefromtherobotpetspointofviewandremembertofollowthesesteps.(1)Collecttheirideasinpairsorgroups.(2)Writedownthemainideasandsupportingdetails.Hereisanexample.(3)Writethediaryentry，payingattentiontotheuseofconjunctionsintheirwriting.MorningAfternoonOwnerPetOwnerPetgotupinbadmoodcarriedmebytailknockedmeontothefloorleftmeathomeangryhissedatownerhissedmorehadapeacefultimelatergothomeafterschoolseemedhappierwasnicetomepattedmepromisedtotakemetotheparktomorrowwaggedtailcouldntstoppurringlovedtheidea/washappywishedhe/shewerealwayslikethat.Step4HomeworkWriteadiaryfromtherobotpetspointofview.Asample：SunnyWednesdayIamveryhappytoday，becausethisisthefirstdaythatIhasspentwithmyowner，Susan.Susanisa6yearoldsickgirl.Shecannotgooutwithotherchildrenbecauseofherpoorhealth.Soherparentsboughtmeashercompanion.Therearedifferenttypesofrobotpetsinthestore.Hermompreferredthesealtyperobot，whileherdadthoughtthelovelydogwouldbeagoodcompanion.ButSusanloveskittyverymuch.Sheinsistedonhavingmeashercompanion.Sotheychoseme.TheshopassistanttoldthemIhavemorethanjustentertainmentvalue，offeringcompanionshipandavarietyofotherservicestothesick.Anetworksystemwillenablemetospeaktothechildreninanaturalway，especiallytochildrenwhoaresick，andthiswillmakethemmorecomfortable.IcanbeconnectedviacellphoneorISDNlinetoanetworksystemcenter，allowinghealthworkersorparentstosendmedicalinformationandencouragingmessagestothesick.Imendowedwith100phrases，rangingfromthelighthearted (“Today is the karaoke party.Lets sing a lot.”) tomorepracticalinformation (“It is three oclock.It is time to have medicine.”)Susansmiledalotandherparentssaidshehasneverspentahappierday.IamhappytoobecauseIvebroughtpleasuretoher.一、本单元课文注释与疑难解析1Clairedidntwanttherobotinherhouse，especiallyasherhusbandwouldbeabsentforthreeweeks，butLarrypersuadedherthattherobotwouldntharmherorallowhertobeharmed.克莱尔不想家里有个机器人，尤其是她丈夫要离家三个星期，可是克莱尔被拉里说服了。他说，机器人不会伤害她，也不会允许她受到任何伤害。(1)absentadj.a缺席的，不在场的 (from) Threemembersoftheclasswereabsentthismorning.今天早晨该班有三人缺席。Heisabsentonbusiness.他因事缺席。HeisabsentfromHongKong.他不在香港。b缺少的，不存在的Snowisabsentinhiscountry.他的国家不下雪。c茫茫然的，心不在焉的Helookedatmeinanabsentway.他茫然地望着我。Hehadanabsentlookonhisface.他脸上露出心不在焉的神色。vt.不在；缺席Whydidyouabsentyourselffromschoolyesterday?昨天你为何不到校？absent的反义词是present“出席的，在场的”Howmanypeoplewerepresentatthemeeting?到会的有多少人？(2)persuadevt.a说服，劝服(into/outof)/(sb.todosth.)Shepersuadedmeintobuyingit.她说服我买下了它。Thesalesmanpersuadedustobuyhisproduct.那个推销员说服了我们买他的产品。Hepersuadedhertogotoschool，eventhoughshedidnotwantto.即使她不想去上学，他还是说服她去。b使某人相信 (of)/(that)HowcanIpersuadeyouofmysincerity?我怎样才能使你相信我的诚意呢？Weworkedhardtopersuadethemthatweweregenuinelyinterestedintheproject.我们想尽办法以使他们相信我们确实对这一计划感兴趣。2Shecriedout“Tony”andthenheardhimdeclarethathedidntwanttoleaveherthenextdayandthathefeltmorethanjustthedesiretopleaseher.她大叫一声“托尼”，接着她就听到托尼郑重地说，明天他不想离开她，并且他并不满足于仅仅使她开心。(1)declarevt.a宣布，宣告；声明(that) tomakeknownformallyorofficiallyThenewCongressdeclaredastateofwarwithGermany.新的国会向德国宣战了。b宣称；断言(that)Theaccusedmandeclaredhimselfinnocent.被告声称他是无罪的。Shedeclaredthatshedidntwanttoseehimagain.她宣称再也不愿见他了。IdeclaredatthemeetingthatIdidnotsupporthim.我在会上声明我不支持他。c申报(纳税品等)Ihavenothingtodeclare.我没什么要申报的。Note：declare：宣告，宣布formallyannounce(sth.)Forexample：Iwouldliketodeclaremyloveforyou.announce：宣布tomake(sth.)knownpubliclyForexample：IfIhaveabirthdayparty，Iwanttoannounceittomyfriends.(2)morethana后面跟名词，意为“不只是，不仅仅是”。例如：Katewasmorethanateacher.Shealsodidwhatshecouldtotakecareofherpupils.凯特不仅仅是位教师，她还尽其所能照顾她的学生。Modernscienceismorethanalargeamountofinformation.现代科学不仅仅是大量的信息。MytriptoBeijingismorethansightseeing.我去北京不仅仅是观光。bmorethan与数词连用，意思是“多于，大于，超过”。例如：Ihaveknownhimformorethantwentyyears.我认识他已超过二十年了。Morethantenpolicementurnedupatthespotwheretheaccidenthappened.十多位警察出现在出事地点。cmorethan与形容词和分词连用，表示“非常，十分”。例如：Theyweremorethanhappytoseeuscomebackfromtheexpedition.看到我们远征而归，他们异常高兴。Iwasmorethansurprisedtoseethelionstandingatthebody.看到那头狮子站在尸体旁边，我非常惊讶。Iammorethanhappytoacceptyourinvitation.我很高兴接受你的邀请。dmorethan与动词连用，对动词起着加强语气的作用。例如：Repeatedadvertisingwillmorethanincreaseproductsales.多次做广告意味着增加产品的销售。HisprogressinEnglishlearningmorethanencouragedhimtolearnthesubjectwell.在英语学习方面的进步激励他学好这门课程。emorethan和含有情态动词的句子连用，有否定意义，表示“是难以”或“超过了所能”之义。例如：ThebeautyofthemountainouscountryismorethanIcandescribe.我难以描述那个山村的美丽。ThisproblemismorethanachildlikeJackcansettle.这一问题超出了像杰克这样的小孩的解决能力。拓展nomorethan意思是“仅仅，不过，只是”。例如：Allhiseducationaddeduptonomorethanoneyear.他所接受的所有的学校教育只有一年。Theirnewflathasnomorethan60squaremeters.他们的新居只有60平方米。notmorethan表示“至多，不超过”，例如：Lyingonthegroundwasaschoolboyofnotmorethanseventeen.躺在地上的那个男学生最多十七岁。3ItwaswhenAsimovwaselevenyearsoldthathistalentforwritingbecameobvious.正是阿西莫夫11岁时，他的写作天赋明显显露出来。该句使用了强调句型Itwas.that.强调了时间状语从句whenAsimovwaselevenyearsold。talentn.a天资，天赋；才能 (for)Hehadatalentformusic.他有音乐天赋。Mysisterhasatalentfordrawing.我妹妹有画画的天赋。b天才，有才能的人们Sheisanewdivingtalent.她是一个新的跳水天才。Thecompanymakesgooduseofitstalent.该公司很好地发挥了内部人才的作用。4Itwasdisturbingandfrighteningthathelookedsohuman.机器人如此通人性，这使她觉得心烦和害怕。It是形式主语，that引导的句子是这个句子的主语，that从句叫主语从句。It放在句首，真正的主语放在后面，这是英语的一种常见结构。ItwasclearthatClairehadfalleninlovewithTony.很显然，克莱尔已爱上了托尼。Itseemsunlikelythatshewillrefusetheoffer.看上去她不太可能拒绝给她的帮助。带有that从句的先行词结构有以下几种不同的搭配关系：(1)Itbeadj.thatclause.ItiscertainthatWilliamwilldowellinhisexam.威廉肯定会考得很好。Itisabsurdthathebelievesthenumber13hasbroughthimthebadluck.他认为是13这个数字给他带来了厄运，这太可笑了。在表示建议、命令、要求等意义的It结构中，that从句的谓语动词常常用(should)do的形式。Itissaidthathe (should) gotherewithoutdelay.他最好马上去那里。Itisimportantthatwe (should) beherebytheweekend.周末我们得在这里，这很重要。在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等意义的It结构中，that从句的谓语动词也常用这种形式。Itisntamazingthattheyshouldhavedecidedtodivorce.他们已经决定离婚，这并不令人吃惊。ItisregrettablethatTomshouldleavesosoon.真遗憾汤姆这么快就要离开了。(2)Itben.(ornounphrase)thatclause.Itisagreatpleasurethatsheiswellagainandcangotoheroffice.她身体恢复了，可以去上班了，这真让人高兴。Itisapitythatsheshouldrefusetoacceptthissuggestion.真遗憾她拒绝了这个建议。(3)Itbev.edthatclause.ItissaidthatIsaacwillaccompanyhisparentstovisitEurope.据说艾莎克将陪父母去欧洲访问。ItissuggestedthateachchildrenshouldsingasonginEnglishattheparty.建议每个学生都得在晚会上唱支英文歌。(4)Itseems/happens.thatclause.Itseemsthattheyareinurgentneedofhelp.好像他们现在急需帮助。Ithappensthattheprettiestbirdsaretheworstsingers.很碰巧，最漂亮的鸟是最差的歌手。要注意的是这种结构与强调结构的区别。试比较：ItwasTonythatmanagedtohelpherintime.是托尼及时设法帮助了她。ItwasthenthatClairerealizedthatTonyhadopenedthecurtainsofthefrontwindow.也就在这时候，克莱尔才意识到托尼早就把前边窗户的窗帘拉开了。5SoClaireborrowedapileofbooksfromthelibraryforhimtoread，orrather，scan.于是，克莱尔从图书馆借了一堆书给托尼阅读，或者说给他浏览一下。(1)apileof/pilesofalotofTherewereapileofmagazinesonthedesk.桌子上有一堆杂志。Ivegotpilesofworktodothisevening.今天晚上我有一大堆工作要做。(2)orrather：awayofcorrectingsomethingyouhavesaid，ormakingitmoreexact.HelivesinLondon，orrather，inthesuburbsofLondon.他住在伦敦，更准确地说是在伦敦郊区。Youhavetobesixteenforcheapticketsorratherundersixteen.你得是16岁才能买便宜的票，更准确地说是16岁以下。6.youcannothavewomenfallinginlovewithmachines.总不能让女人爱上机器。这句话的结构是haven.doing，have的意思是causesb.todo，它与havesb.do结构的意思有时略有不同，前者讲的是过程，后者叙述的是当时的情况。AssoonasIgotthere，ItriedtohaveJohnfindmeahouse.我一到那里，就试着让约翰给我找房子。Shehadusalllaughingatherjokes.她的笑话让我们大笑。另外，在haven.doing结构中，如果have用作否定时，其意思是notpermitorallow。Icanthaveyougoingeverywhereanddoingnothingallday.我不能让你整天无所事事地东游西逛。7Asimovhadbothanextraordinaryimaginationthatgavehimtheabilitytoexplorefutureworldsandanamazingmindwithwhichhesearchedforexplanationsofeverything，inthepresentandthepast.阿西默夫不仅有超凡的想象力，使他能对未来世界进行探索，而且还有着惊人的智力，使他对现在的和过去的各种事物作出解释。这个句子稍微有点复杂，现简要地分析一下：Asimovhadbothanextraordinaryimaginationandanamazingmind是这个句子的重要部分，动词不定式toexplorefutureworlds修饰ability，withwhich引导的定语从句修饰anamazingmind。withwhich是“介词which (whom)”的结构，其介词的选择受到一定的限制：或与前面的名词搭配有关(本句就是这样)，或与后面的动词或者词组搭配有关。Heseemedtobelookingforthewordswithwhichhecouldexpresswhathewasthinkingabout.他好像正在找能表达他想法的词语。Thecar，forwhichIpaidalotofmoney，isnowoutofdate.我花很多钱买的这辆小汽车现在过时了。二、文化背景知识RobotArobotcanbedefinedasaprogrammable，selfcontrolleddeviceconsistingofelectronic，electrical，ormechanicalunits.Moregenerally，itisamachinethatfunctionsinplaceofalivingagent.Robotsareespeciallydesirableforcertainworkfunctionsbecause，unlikehumans，theynevergettired；theycanendurephysicalconditionsthatareuncomfortableorevendangerous；theycanoperateinairlessconditions；theydonotgetboredbyrepetition；andtheycannotbedistractedfromthetaskathand.Theconceptofrobotsisaveryoldoneyettheactualword“robot”wasinventedinthe20thcenturyfromtheCzechoslovakianwordrobotorroboticmeaningslave，servant，orforcedlabor.Robotsdonthavetolookoractlikehumansbuttheydoneedtobeflexiblesotheycanperformdifferenttasks.Earlyindustrialrobotshandledradioactivematerialinatomiclabsandwerecalledmaster/slavemanipulators.Theywereconnectedtogetherwithmechanicallinkagesandsteelcables.Remotearmmanipulatorscannowbemovedbypushbuttons，switchesorjoysticks.Currentrobotshaveadvancedsensorysystemsthatprocessinformationandappeartofunctionasiftheyhavebrains.Their“brain”isactuallyaformofcomputerizedartificialintelligence (AI)AIallowsarobottoperceiveconditionsanddecideuponacourseofactionbasedonthoseconditions.Arobotcanincludeanyofthefollowingcomponents：effectors“arms”，“legs”，“hands”，“feet”sensorspartsthatactlikesensesandcandetectobjectsorthingslikeheatandlightandconverttheobjectinformationintosymbolsthatcomputersunderstandcomputerthebrainthatcontainsinstructionscalledalgorithmstocontroltherobotequipmentthisincludestoolsandmechanicalfixturesCharacteristicsthatmakerobotsdifferentfromregularmachineryarethatrobotsusuallyfunctionbythemselves，aresensitivetotheirenvironment，adapttovariationsintheenvironmentortoerrorsinpriorperformance，aretaskorientedandoftenhavetheabilitytotrydifferentmethodstoaccomplishatask.RobotTimeline270BCanancientGreekengineernamedCtesibusmadeorgansandwaterclockswithmovablefigures.1818MaryShelleywrote“Frankenstein”whichwasaboutafrighteningartificiallifeformcreatedbyDr.Frankenstein.1921Theterm“robot”wasfirstusedinaplaycalled“R.U.R.”or“Rossums Universal Robots”bytheCzechwriterKarelCapek.Theplotwassimple：manmakesrobotthenrobotkillsman!1941SciencefictionwriterIsaacAsimovfirstusedtheword“robotics”todescribethetechnologyofrobotsandpredictedtheriseofapowerfulrobotindustry.1942Asimovwrote“Runaround”，astoryaboutrobotswhichcontainedthe“Three Laws of Robotics”：Arobotmaynotinjureahuman，or，throughinaction，allowahumanbeingtocometoharm.ArobotmustobeytheordersbyhumanbeingsexceptwheresuchorderswouldconflictwiththeFirstLaw.ArobotmustprotectitsownexistenceaslongassuchprotectiondoesnotconflictwiththeFirstorSecondLaw.1948“Cybernetics”，aninfluenceonartificialintelligenceresearchwaspublishedbyNorbertWiener.1956GeorgeDevolandJosephEngelbergerformedtheworldsfirstrobotcompany.1959ComputerassistedmanufacturingwasdemonstratedattheServomechanismsLabatMIT.1961ThefirstindustrialrobotwasonlineinaGeneralMotorsautomobilefactoryinNewJersey.ItwascalledUNIMATE.1963Thefirstartificialroboticarmtobecontrolledbyacomputerwasdesigned.TheRanchoArmwasdesignedasatoolforthehandicappedanditssixjointsgaveittheflexibilityofahumanarm.1965DENDRALwasthefir