2014中考英语阅读理解六大必杀技.doc

2014中考英语阅读理解六大必杀技1. 讲究阅读方法(1)依据主题句定短文的中心：任意一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开并且由段落组成的；段落之间有着内在的紧密联系，而表达段落主题的句子叫主题句，通常置于段落的开头，有时在段落末尾和中间；其它的句子是用来说明和阐述主题句的；若把一个个主题句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句(等困难信号)所带来的干扰，但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中，因而要综观全文，对全文有一个透彻的理解才行。如：My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasnt wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food )， and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air。On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didnt know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area。We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (岩洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what wed done。This passage mainly talks about _。A. the writers friends at the Activity CenterB. the writers experience at the Activity CenterC. outdoor sports at the Activity CenterD. how to go rock-climbing and caving参考答案B 上述这段短文的中心是说明“the writers experience at the Activity Center。”。作者以及作者的朋友，还有组上的其他一些成员一起在活动中心度周末的一些活动以及感受。(2) 掌握具体事实和重要细节：阅读文章时，要求学生养成辨认和记忆具体事实、重要细节的习惯。因为具体事实、重要细节是主题句的扩展、补充、说明或例证，是用来支持和说明中心思想的，而且是阅读理解测试的重要组成部分。如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” Im sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do。” because I think music is an important part of our lives。Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because its so exciting. And my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士乐). She thinks jazz is really cool。“I like dance music and rock very much。” says my brother, “because they are amazing。”But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (轻松的) music,” she says. Thats why she likes country music, I think。The writer likes music because he thinks _。A. its an exciting part of our livesB. its an amazing part of our livesC. its an important part of our livesWhat kind of music does the writer like?A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music. C. Jazz and country music。Who likes dancing?A. The writer. B. Li Lan. C. Jane。The writers mother thinks that country music is _。A. amazing B. boring C. relaxing How many peoples ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)？A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.这是几道重要事实和细节的辨认题，全是围绕短文的主题句“Different people have different ideas about music”来展开说明的，起补充举例作用。答案分别为 C A B C B。(3) 运用构词法、语境线索等帮助来推测关键词义：在阅读文章的过程中，常常会遇到一些生词，如果不懂得这些词义就会妨碍理解，但大部分生词的词义是可以根据上下文，结合构词法、借助文章中的语境线索帮助在理解基础上猜测其词义，这有助于加快阅读速度，提高阅读理解能力。如：Water is all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. There is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. The land will dry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called erosion when the water takes the land away。“Erosion” in the passage means _。A. 地震 B. 雪崩 C. 侵蚀 D. 霜冻根据前面的语句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills。解释可以推知erosion是一种自然地理现象，即“侵蚀”，答案为C。2. 训练阅读速度在阅读中，我们或多或少会碰到一些生词和不熟悉的短语，这些生词和短语会妨碍我们对文章中心的理解，但我们总是查阅词典也会影响阅读的速度。为了不查词典又能破解生词词义，并理解好文章的中心，要求考生根据构词法判断词义。如：This material is unreadable。中 unreadable是生词。学生可以根据词根 read ，知道 un和 able分别为前缀和后缀，那么 unreadable的意义就不难猜测了；还可以培养学生根据生词与上下文的关系来猜测其意义。生词所在的句子、段落会提供很多的暗示和线索，依据这些暗示和线索就可以理解生词的词义了。如：同义词反义词线索；解释性线索；例证性线索；标点符号线索等。如：A. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year。定语从句中的 looks after sheep 就解释了 herdsman的词义为“牧人”。B. Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends。句首的 like(像)这个语境线索说明：句中的gregarious与 likes to make friends意义相近。通过这些方式可以帮助学生加快阅读速度，进一步提高阅读正确率。3. 改进阅读方式(1)预测：培养学生依据文章标题(副标题)、插图以及相关的背景知识和社会生活经验，对文章的大致内容预测以及可能涉及到的词汇，然后阅读文章的第一段，并对自己的预测进行验证、纠正，同时抓住主题句、关键词，从而更好地从整体上去理解和把握文章的中心。(2)略读：指导学生快速浏览全文，领会文章大意，辨析文体，掌握篇章结构，进而抓住文章的中心。(3)查读：指导学生在浏览全文的基础上进行查读，以回答个别事实细节性的问题。有些细节性的问题不能直接在短文中找到答案，必须进行必要的综合、归纳、转换才能获得，也就是要在直接可获得的事实和细节的基础上经过综合、归纳、转换间接地获得所需要的事实和细节。它通常涉及数据、时间、人称、代词的指代、动作的行为的关联、动作行为者与承受者、地点和空间、表态方式、因果、条件、内涵与外延等。如：One day Mrs Wison went shopping with Tracy and Ben. They went to the supermarket in the new shopping center。“Why do you buy things here?” Tracy wanted to know. “Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home,” Mrs. Wilson said. “Help me check the prices, please。”The Wilsons were not rich and Mrs. Wilson was always careful with her money. She looked carefully at the prices of things. She bought lots of things in the supermarket. When they got home, the children said, “We dont think you saved money by going to the supermarket。” “Of course I did,” Mrs. Wilson said “Everything was cheaper there。”“We know,” the children said, “but we came home by taxi because we had too much to carry. The taxi fare was more than the money that you saved !”Mrs Wilson added everything up. Her children were right。“Well done,” she said. “Next time well do the shopping nearby。”The things at the corner store were _ than those in the supermarket。A. cheaper B. nicer C. more expensive D. Better Mrs. Wilson _ in the end。A. spent more money B. paid less moneyC. lost some money D. saved a little money这两个问题都是细节性问题，但又不能直接从文章中得出答案，要经过分析和计算间接地获得事实细节。选C。由 Mrs. Wilson 的话“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home. ”分析可知the things at the corner store were more expensive.选A。 Mrs. Wilson 在超级市场买的东西是便宜的，但返回时由于东西多结果打的士回家将打的士的费用摊进去就高于节省的费用了，因此可以知道：Mrs. Wilson spent more money in the end。阅读理解在中考英语试题中，占有相当大的比例，比分比较大。而且文章题材涉及甚广。像日常生活、人物、史地、科普常识、经济等诸多方面。这就需要考 生不但具备一定的词汇量和丰富扎实、正确的语言知识，而且还要具备一定的自然科学、科普常识，以及外国的风土人情，历史背景等。因此，同学们在平日复习 中，一定要加大阅读量，阅读的题材要广泛。有意识培养和练就阅读能力。在做到广泛的同时，还要进行限时阅读。只有这样，才能在中考有限的时间内，准确地按 时地完成大量的阅读题。在平日阅读中，还要学会带着问题读，要学会概括文章的主旨大意。通读全文并了解作者的写作意图和文章的中心思想。还要学会通过看文 章，或上句子的联系，猜测生词。另外，还要对文章进行合理的推断。要按照上下文的逻辑关系，站在作者的立场上进行合理推断。阅读理解部分考试题型大致可分为以下几个类型：1、主旨题主旨题主要测试学生对文章中心思想、主旨大意的理解能力。在初中阶段，有关这类题的常见提问方式为：What is the main idea of this passage?What ist he best title of this passage?在处理这类问题时，通常采用快读方法，先从头到尾把文章浏览一遍，因为这样可以使注意力集中于文章的整体思路及要点之间的联系，而较慢的阅读会 使你过分注意细节，甚至个别词，因而影响对主题的概括。特别要注意仔细阅读开头段和结尾段，因为大多数文章的中心思想都出现在这两段里。2、细节题细节题主要测试学生识别阅读材料中的具体事实和细节的能力。考生必须特别注意作者在陈述中谈到的是何人、何事、何处、何时、何故，在有关此类问题的地方作一个标记，以便在回答问题时迅速查找。3、词义题词义题主要是检测学生在具体文章中，根据上下文理解某个词或某个短语的意义的能力。遇到这类试题，可从以下三方面入手：(1)通过上下文的种种提示来准确猜出这个词的含义。(2)一个单词可以通过前缀、后缀、合成等形式派生出来很多单词，因此可以根据构词法辨认其中的词根的含义，就可以判断出其派生、转化或复合词的其他词义。(3)如果遇到非常熟悉的词汇，一定要尽量撇开其基本含义，注意其引申的意义。4、推断题推断题主要考查学生透过文章的表面文字信息，进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。5、观点态度题观点态度题主要考查学生通过掌握主题思想和具体事实，对作者的观点和态度做出合理推断的能力。如果能按照以上的技巧来答题，我想你的答案的准确率就会大大提高了。阅读理解(一)(一)(2013，天津)My grandfather Jack is 96 years old，and he has had an interesting life.He has travelled a lot in his life in the Far East.He visited the Taj Mahal in India and the Pyramids in Egypt.He hunted (狩猎) lions in Africa，and rode a camel in the Sahara Desert.He says the most beautiful place he has travelled to is Kathmandu in Nepal.Jack has married twice.His first wife died when she was 32.He met his second wife Maria while he was cycling round France.They have been married for 50 years，and they have lived happily in a small village since they got married.Jack says that he has never been ill in his life.The secret of good health，according to my grandfather，is exercise.He goes swimming every morning.He has done this since he was a boy.He also has a glass of wine every night！Perhaps that is his secret!1What kind of life has Jack lived?AA short life. BAn interesting life.CA lonely life. DA poor life.2Which of the following does Jack think is the most beautiful place?AKathmandu. BThe Pyramids.CThe Sahara Desert. DTaj Mahal.3How many times has Jack married?AOnce. BTwice.CThree times. DFour times.4Where did Jack meet Maria?AIn India. BIn Nepal.CIn France. DIn Egypt.5What does Jack do every night?AHe has a glass of wine. BHe goes swimming.CHe hunts lions. DHe rides a camel.(二)(2013，聊城)My name is Sam.I joined a club called “passing help”last month.Now let me tell you why I joined it.One evening this May, on my way home my old car broke down(出故障)It was 25 miles from my home.I wanted to get a ride(搭便车), but there was no car. It was also hard to take a taxi. I decided to take a bus home.I went to a bus stop nearby.After a while, a bus came, but it did not go to my town.the bus driver was a young woman.She was kind and she told me which bus I should take.I waited there for about thirty minutes，but no bus came.At last a car came to me and a woman came out of the car .She was just the bus driver.“When I reached the bus station，I got to know that the bus to your town couldnt come ，so I returned here.I just cant leave you here ，”she said , “ Get in my car and I will take you back to your home.”“It is a long way.”I said.“Come on，sir, ”she said，“Lets go.”On the way，she told me a story. A few days ago，there wasnt gas(汽油)in her car. An old man drove her up to a gas station and then back to her car.When we got to my home，I wanted to give her some money to thank her，but she didnt accept her.“I only want to help others and do something nice for somebody.Pass it along. ” she said.6What happened to Sam one evening this May?AHe lost his way.BHis car broke down. CHe was hurt in an accident.DHe couldnt reach the gas station.7Sam didnt think of going home_that evening.Aby train Bby bus Cby car Dby taxi8From the passage , we know that the young woman was_. Aa club boss Ba taxi driver Ca bus driver Da gas station worker9The young woman wanted Sam to _.Agive her some moneyBget on her bus Ctake her to her houseDhelp others just as she did10The best title (题目)of the passage is _.AA kind old man BGetting a rideCPassing help DA broken car (三)(2013，河北)“Homestay is a form of study abroad program.It allows the visitor to rent a room from a local (当地的) family to better understand the local lifestyle.It also helps to improve the visitors language ability，”said a teacher during a school meeting last term.“Students who wish to learn more about foreign cultures or to get foreign experience should join this kind of holiday.I am sure you wont be disappointed (失望的)”After this special meeting，I always thought about this kind of holiday.Last month，I had a chance at last to go on such a holiday with some of my schoolmates and we went to London，a place where I had wanted to go since years ago.As we were still young，we had a group leader who planned things for us and looked after us.After we got to London，we went to stay with different families.I was lucky that my host family (寄宿家庭) was a white couple who had a daughter about my age.They treated me as a daughter of their family during my stay there.They were interested in me and I learnt a lot of things from them，too.The holiday was filled with activities every day.After breakfast，a local teacher would come to take us in his car.Then we would have classes or go on a sightseeing trip to different places of interest like the Big Ben，the London Bridge，and the Buckingham Palace.We would go back to our own homes after the activities.The holiday was a valuable experience for me.I enjoyed every minute of it.Yet，time really flew fast.Three weeks later，we had to leave “home” for Hong Kong.11In the “homestay” program，a visitor can _.Alearn more about holidaysBunderstand his culture betterCimprove the language abilityDtake part in foreign meetings12The writer had wanted to visit London since _.Alast month Byears agoCthe special meeting Dher stay abroad13The group leader should _.Amake plans for the familyBtake care of the studentsCstay with different familiesDrent rooms to the students14The writers host family _.Awas very kind to herBwent sightseeing with herChad two white daughtersDwas interested in her activities15From the passage，we know that the writer _ in London.Awished to stay a little longerBspent three weeks in her homeChad classes in many interesting placesDhelped the teacher take the students in a car(四)(2013，河南)Cause and effect is one way to explain things that happen around us.Many things happen because something caused or influenced them to happen.Sometimes it is hard to look at a cause and find out what causes the effect.It may help you to start with the effect and use your reasoning (推理的) skills.Think about all the things you know that could be reasons for the effect you can see.For example，you may see someone putting on a heavy jacket.This is the effect.To look for a cause，think to yourself，“What would make someone put on a heavy jacket？”Maybe the person is going outside into very cold weather.Maybe the person works in the penguin pen (企鹅圈养地) at Sea World.Maybe the person is going to visit an ice skating rink where the air is kept very cold.All of these things could be a cause for putting on a heavy jacket.Now，think about a second example.The effect is a boy named Abi has to go to the head teachers office.What are the possible causes？Maybe he bullied (欺负) another student.Maybe he is just being picked up early.Maybe he is being given a prize!Here is another example for you to think about its cause and effect.Cait，13，was trying to fall asleep when her 8yearold brother，Doug，came into her room.He looked around a bit，but seemed really out of it.Then Doug went back into the hallway and stood there looking straight up at the hall light for quite a while.Little brothers can be very strange，but this was really much too strange.Cait didnt know what to do.Just then，Caits father appeared and explained that Doug was sleepwalking.Whats the cause and effect，could you tell?16According to the second paragraph，which of the following is an effect?ASomeone puts on a heavy jacket.BSomeone works in the penguin pen.CSomeone will go outside into cold weather.DSomeone will go to visit an ice skating rink.17Abi has to go to the head teachers office.Which of the following isnt the possible cause?AHe bullied another student.BHe is going shopping.Che is being picked up early.DHe is being given a prize.18What was Doug doing when his sister Cait tried to fall asleep?AHe was going outside.BHe was reading a story.CHe was sleepwalking.DHe was looking for his dad.19Which of the following is cause and effect?ATony got up and had a glass of water.BWe came home and found him sleeping.CThe ball was lost and a window was broken.DTim was late again and his teacher got angry.20What is the best title for the text?ATruth and lies BWork and sleepCCause and effect DLife and dreams(五)Ask any student which subject he or she hates most.9 out of 10 students will answer “math”No matter which country you visit，no matter which grade you are in，you may not learn art，geography，chemistry or Chinese，but you always learn math.Why is this so？How come so many students hate math，and yet cannot avoid learning it in school?Jenny Sanders，a high school student in California，asks，“What good do we get from learning math？We can use computers to compute numbers，and we can use computers to store information.I think learning math at school is a waste of time.”However，there is much more to math than just learning to add and subtract(减) numbers.In fact，math is not so much about calculation (计算) as it is about learning to think logically (逻辑地) and solving problems.Of course，Jenny was right that we can use computers to do calculations，but how would we even know how to use the computer if we cant think logically？In short，computers are only tools when solving problems.For example，imagine you are a cook and must serve dinner to 100 guests.How should you divide your resources so that you can get the job done most efficiently (高效地)？In situations like this，the ability to think logically will get you to a reasonable answer and solve your problem.21According to the passage，which subject do students always learn in different grades at school?AChinese.BMath.CGeography.22What does Jenny Sanders think of learning math?AInteresting. BBoring. CUseless.23Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A90% of the students hate learning math.BStudents can learn math well with computers.CMath can do calculations and store information.24What does the underlined word “resources” mean in the passage?A科目 B效率 C资源25What does the writer want to tell us?AMath is just learning to add and subtract numbers.BMath can be good for both our body and our mind.CMath helps us think logically and solve problems.(六)Fiftythree years ago Barbie Millicent Roberts first appeared in the world of toys.Since then，Barbie doll，as everyone called he