狄更斯简介(英语翻译).doc

装订线安徽工业大学 毕业设计（论文）说明书 Charles John Huffam Dickens (7 February 1812 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds most memorable fictional characters and is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period. During his life, his works enjoyed unprecedented fame, and by the twentieth century his literary genius was broadly acknowledged by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to be widely popular. Born in Portsmouth, England, Dickens left school to work in a factory after his father was thrown into debtors prison. Although he had little formal education, his early impoverishment drove him to succeed. Over his career he edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, 5 novellas and hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for childrens rights, education, and other social reforms.Dickens sprang to fame with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities, Dickens went on to improve the character with positive lineaments. Fagin in Oliver Twist apparently mirrors the famous fence Ikey Solomon; His caricature of Leigh Hunt in the figure of Mr Skimpole in Bleak House was likewise toned down on advice from some of his friends, as they read episodes. In the same novel, both Lawrence Boythorne and Mooney the beadle are drawn from real life Boythorne from Walter Savage Landor and Mooney from Looney, a beadle at Salisbury Square. His plots were carefully constructed, and Dickens often wove in elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age. His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, is one of the most influential works ever written, and it remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. His creative genius has been praised by fellow writersfrom Leo Tolstoy to G. K. Chesterton and George Orwellfor its realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand Oscar Wilde, Henry James and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism.Dickens loved the style of the 18th century picaresque novels which he found in abundance on his fathers shelves. According to Ackroyd, other than these, perhaps the most important literary influence on him was derived from the fables of The Arabian Nights. His writing style is marked by a profuse linguistic creativity. Satire, flourishing in his gift for caricature is his forte. An early reviewer compared him to Hogarth for his keen practical sense of the ludicrous side of life, though his acclaimed mastery of varieties of class idiom may in fact mirror the conventions of contemporary popular theatre. Dickens worked intensively on developing arresting names for his characters that would reverberate with associations for his readers, and assist the development of motifs in the storyline, giving what one critic calls an allegorical impetus to the novels meanings. To cite one of numerous examples, the name Mr. Murdstone in David Copperfield conjures up twin allusions to murder and stony coldness. His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism. His satires of British aristocratic snobberyhe calls one character the Noble Refrigeratorare often popular. Comparing orphans to stocks and shares, people to tug boats, or dinner-party guests to furniture are just some of Dickenss acclaimed flights of fancy.The author worked closely with his illustrators, supplying them with a summary of the work at the outset and thus ensuring that his characters and settings were exactly how he envisioned them. He would brief the illustrator on plans for each months instalment so that work could begin before he wrote them. Marcus Stone, illustrator of Our Mutual Friend, recalled that the author was always ready to describe down to the minutest details the personal characteristics, and. life-history of the creations of his fancy. Dickenss biographer Claire Tomalin regards him as the greatest creator of character in English fiction after Shakespeare. Dickensian characters, especially so because of their typically whimsical names, are amongst the most memorable in English literature. The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Jacob Marley, Bob Cratchit, Oliver Twist, The Artful Dodger, Fagin, Bill Sikes, Pip, Miss Havisham, Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay, David Copperfield, Mr. Micawber, Abel Magwitch, Daniel Quilp, Samuel Pickwick, Wackford Squeers, Uriah Heep are so well known as to be part and parcel of British culture, and in some cases have passed into ordinary language: a scrooge, for example, is a miser.His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books. Gamp became a slang expression for an umbrella from the character Mrs Gamp and Pickwickian, Pecksniffian, and Gradgrind all entered dictionaries due to Dickenss original portraits of such characters who were quixotic, hypocritical, or vapidly factual. Many were drawn from real life: Mrs Nickleby is based on his mother, though she didnt recognize herself in the portrait, just as Mr Micawber is constructed from aspects of his fathers rhetorical exuberance: Harold Skimpole in Bleak House, is based on James Henry Leigh Hunt: his wifes dwarfish chiropodist recognized herself in Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield. Perhaps Dickenss impressions on his meeting with Hans Christian Andersen informed the delineation of Uriah Heep. Virginia Woolf maintained that we remodel our psychological geography when we read Dickens as he produces characters who exist not in detail, not accurately or exactly, but abundantly in a cluster of wild yet extraordinarily revealing remarks. One character vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself. From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames, all aspects of the capital are described over the course of his body of work.查尔斯狄更斯(1812.2.7- 18703.6.9日)是英国的一位作家、社会评论家。他创造了世界上一些最令人难忘的虚构人物，普遍被认为是维多利亚时代最伟大的小说家之一。在他的一生中,他的作品享有前所未有的盛名。到了二十世纪，他的文学天分得到了评论家和学者们的广泛认可。他的小说和短篇故事继续广泛流行。狄更斯出生在英国朴茨茅斯，在他的父亲因债务被投进监狱之后，他离开了学校去工厂上班。虽然他只接受了一点儿的正规教育，但是他早期的贫困经历促使他走向了成功。在他的职业生涯中，他为一个周刊做了20年的编辑，写了15部小说，5部中篇小说，以及数以百计的短篇故事和非小说类文章。他还不断地演讲和表演，是一位不知疲倦的多产作家。同时，他还为了儿童权利、教育、和其他社会改革进行积极的竞选。1836年，狄更斯因为连载的小说匹克威克外传而名声大起。几年之后，他因为他的幽默、讽刺、以及对人物和社会敏锐的观察力而成为了一个国际文学名人。他的小说大部分发表在周刊或月刊上,继而开创了连续出版的叙事小说潮流,成为占主导地位的维多利亚时代小说出版模式。分期出版的形式使得狄更斯可以评估他的读者的反应，他经常根据这些反馈修改情节和人物形象的发展。例如，当他妻子的足科医生对大卫科波菲尔中茉切小姐对她的残疾的思考感到悲伤时，狄更斯在接下来的创作中给予该人物以正面形象。雾都孤儿中的费根的形象显然是著名的囚犯艾奇所罗门的翻版，荒凉山庄中以斯珀尔先生为模板的利亨特的漫画插图也是采取了一些朋友的建议，因为他们也是他的读者。在同一篇小说中，劳伦斯保瑟南和穆尼比德尔都以真实生活为素材，保瑟南来源于沃尔特萨维奇兰道，穆尼来源于鲁尼，一个索尔兹伯里广场的一个小吏。他的作品情节都是精心构造的，狄更斯经常把热门事件编成他作品的一个元素。很多目不识丁的穷人都很高兴每月有人把新的一集读给他们听，因此开发并鼓舞了一群新的读者。狄更斯被认为是他那个时期的巨人。他在1843年写的中篇小说圣诞颂歌是有史以来最具影响力的作品，一直很受欢迎，而且持续在各个艺术流派中都有改编本。他的创作天分，包括现实主义，喜剧，散文风格，独特的人物形象，以及社会批判，被其他的作家所赞扬，例如列夫托尔斯泰，切斯特顿和乔治奥威尔。不过另一方面，奥斯卡王尔德,亨利詹姆斯和弗吉尼亚伍尔夫抱怨他的作品缺乏心理深度，形式松散，而且充满了甜蜜的感伤。狄更斯喜欢18世纪的流浪小说风格，这大量的小说是他在他父亲的书架找到的。据埃克罗伊德说,除了这些,也许对他来说最重要的文学影响是来源于寓言天方夜谭。他的写作风格最明显的特征是具有丰富的语言创造力。他的长处是把讽刺的手法广泛的应用在漫画创作中。一个早期的评论家把他与贺加斯作比较，因为他对生活的荒谬的一面有着敏锐的真实感觉。他以掌握各种阶级用语而受到赞扬，实际上这也反映了同一时期剧院的流行习俗。狄更斯的工作集中在为自己创作的人物形象取吸引人的名字，使他的读者充满想象，以此来协助故事情节中中心思想的发展，给小说一个所谓的评论家所说的“讽喻的主题”意义。举个例子来说，大卫科波菲尔中摩德斯通先生的名字让人想起了谋杀和无情的冷漠双重意思。他的文学风格也混合了幻想和现实主义。他对英国贵族的势力的讽刺