研究生英语阅读翻译.doc

Much of the thinking done in formal education emphasizes the skills of analysis-teaching students how to understand claims, follow or create a logical argument, figure out the answer, eliminate the incorrect paths and focus on the correct one. However, there is another kind of thinking, one that focuses on exploring ideas, generating possibilities, looking for many right answers rather than just one. Both of these kinds of thinking are vital to a successful working life, yet the latter one tends to be ignored until after college. 在正规教育中，思考问题大都偏重分析技能，教给学生们的是如何理解对事实的论述、怎样领会或创立一个合理的论点、怎样想出答案、如何摒弃错误思路以及坚持正确的思路。然而，也有另外一种思维，这种思维突出探索新想法和产生可能性，侧重寻找多种而不是一种正确答案。这两种思维对于个人事业的成败是至关重要的，但是，后者往往直至大学毕业之后方才受到重视。While I like to think of myself as being as rational as an economist should be, I can get a little miffed at minor offenses that somehow appear to me, momentarily, as great villainy. In some of my more embarrassing moments, Ive come to see law-abiding and therefore slow cab drivers as violators of the basic standards of taxicab decency, which, in my haste, I have convinced myself demand utterly breakneck speed. 虽然我自诩是具有经济学家应有的理性的人，但是别人对我的一些轻微的冒犯却让我很气愤，这些小的冒犯对我来说，顷刻之间就变成了很严重的道德败坏。还有一些令自己更加尴尬的场景，比如因为嫌那些遵守交通法规的出租车司机们开的太慢，我就认为他们有违出租车司机应有的礼貌得体，而当时我在赶时间，我确信自己不过要求车速快一些而已，虽然快到了很危险的程度。There is a personal value the presumption of decency that counteracts the tendency to let hatred befuddle our reason. If we hold tightly to the view that people around us are as decent as ourselves, trying, like we are, to muddle honorably through life, it is harder to turn them into villains and to turn ourselves into creatures of irrational judgment. Besides, Im certainly no more decent than most of mankind. 假设别人是礼貌得体这一价值观会扭转憎恨迷惑理性的这一倾向。如果我们坚持认为我们身边的其他人和我们一样礼貌得体，和我们一样糟糕的生活却令人尊敬,那么就很难把他们当成恶棍，也很难把我们自己的判断变得毫无理性。顺便说一句，我不比其他大多数人更加礼貌得体。I dont always succeed in presuming the decency of others, but I do my best. Like most people, Im pretty flawed but trying to be decent, and Im trying to believe the same about others. 我并不总是能够假设别人是礼貌得体的，但我尽自己最大努力。和大多数人一样，我有很多缺点，但是我努力让自己礼貌得体，而且我努力相信别人也是这样的。 The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes, and which consist always either in the immediate produce of that labour, or in what is purchased with that produce from other nations. 每个国家国民每年的劳动是供给这个国家每年消费的全部生活必需品和便利品的源泉，构成这些生活必需品和便利品的或是本国国民劳动的直接产物，或是用这些产物从其他国家购买过来的产品。The causes of this improvement, in the productive powers of labour, and the order, according to which its produce is naturally distributed among the different ranks and conditions of men in the society, make the subject of the first book of this Inquiry. 劳动生产力改进的原因是什么、劳动产品按照怎样的顺序自然地分配给社会上不同阶层和条件的个人，这是本书第一篇的主题。 Whatever be the actual state of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which labour is applied in any nation, the abundance or scantiness of its annual supply must depend, during the continuance of that state, upon the proportion between the number of those who are annually employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed. The number of useful and productive labourers, it will hereafter appear, is everywhere in proportion to the quantity of capital stock which is employed in setting them to work, and to the particular way in which it is so employed. The second book, therefore, treats of the nature of capital stock, of the manner in which it is gradually accumulated, and of the different quantities of labour which it puts into motion, according to the different ways in which it is employed. 无论一国国民劳动的实际技能怎样、熟练程度如何、判断力大小，在这三方面状态保持不变期间，这个国家每年国民供给状况的好坏总必然取决于其国民每年从事有用劳动的人数和不从事有用劳动人数的比例。本书的后面将说明，有用的生产性劳动者的人数，无论在什么场合都和为使这些人工作而运用的资本数量以及这些资本的特定用途成比例。所以，本书的第二篇讨论资本的性质、资本逐步积累的方式以及根据资本用途的不同，它所带动的劳动量也不同等问题。Nature is fallible and her works are imperfect. Human beings are no exceptions; our bodies decay and perish and our powers are limited. Seemingly from the beginning, human beings have been alive to the many ways in which what we have been given falls short of what we can envision and what we desire. We are human, but can imagine gods. We die, but can imagine immortality. 大自然也是会犯错误的，她的作品并不是十全十美的。人类也不例外，我们的身体会衰变、灭亡，并且我们的权力是有限的。似乎从一开始，人类就已经意识到了，在许多方面我们所得到的远远低于我们设想的和计划的。我们是人类，但可以想像成神灵。我们终归要死去，但我们可以想像着永生。Nations tolerably well advanced as to skill, dexterity, and judgment, in the application of labour, have followed very different plans in the general conduct or direction of it; those plans have not all been equally favourable to the greatness of its produce. The policy of some nations has given extraordinary encouragement to the industry of the country; that of others to the industry of towns. Scarce any nation has dealt equally and impartially with every sort of industry. Since the downfall of the Roman empire, the policy of Europe has been more favourable to arts, manufactures, and commerce, the industry of towns, than to agriculture, the industry of the country. The circumstances which seem to have introduced and established this policy are explained in the third book. 在劳动的运用上已经达到相当高的技巧、熟练程度和判断力的国家，对劳动的一般管理或指导，采用了极不相同的计划。这些计划不是同等地有利于一国劳动产品的增加。有些国家的政策特别鼓励农村的产业；而另一些国家的政策却特别鼓励城市的产业。几乎没有一个国家对每一个产业都采取不偏不倚地使其平均发展的政策。自从罗马帝国灭亡以来，欧洲各国的政策都比较有利于手工业、制造业和商业等城市产业，而不利于农业、和农村的产业。本书的第三篇将说明在什么情况下应引入和建立这些政策。MethodsSeveral methods have been identified for producing creative results. Here are the five classic ones: 方法几个方法已经被识别为生产创新的结果。这里有五个经典问题:Evolution. This is the method of incremental improvement. New ideas stem from other ideas, new solutions from previous ones, the new ones slightly improved over the old ones. Many of the very sophisticated things we enjoy today developed through a long period of constant incrementation. Making something a little better here, a little better there gradually makes it something a lot better-even entirely different from the original. For example, look at the history of the automobile or any product of technological progress. With each new model, improvements are made. Each new model builds upon the collective creativity of previous models, so that over time, improvements in economy, comfort, and durability take place. Here the creativity lies in the refinement, the step-by-step improvement, rather than in something completely new. Another example would be the improvement of the common wood screw by what are now commonly called drywall screws. They have sharper threads which are angled more steeply for faster penetration and better holding. The points are self tapping. The shanks are now threaded all the way up on lengths up to two inches. The screws are so much better that they can often be driven in without pilot holes, using a power drill. The evolutionary method of creativity also reminds us of that critical principle: Every problem that has been solved can be solved again in a better way. Creative thinkers do not subscribe to the idea that once a problem has been solved, it can be forgotten, or to the notion that if it aint broke, dont fix it. A creative thinkers philosophy is that there is no such thing as an insignificant improvement. 进化。这是该方法的改进。新的想法来源于其他想法,从之前的新方案,新的稍微改进了旧的。许多非常复杂的事情我们享受今天发达通过长期的常数增量。在这里做东西好一点,好一点逐渐使它更好的东西甚至完全不同于原始的。例如,看看历史的汽车或任何产品的技术进步。随着每一个新的模型,改进。每一个新的模型构建在集体创造力以前的模型,以便随着时间的推移,改善经济、舒适和耐久性发生。这里的创意在于提炼,逐步改善,而不是在一些全新的。另一个例子是提高普通木螺丝,什么是现在通常称为干壁钉。他们有更清晰的线程是向上的角度对更快的渗透和更好的控股。这个点是自攻。现在的小腿上的螺纹长度两英寸。这个螺丝好得多了,他们通常可以推动在没有飞行员洞,使用电钻。创造力的进化方法还提醒我们,关键原则:所有的问题已经解决了,可以解决再次在一个更好的方法。创造性的思想家并不赞同这个想法,一旦问题已经解决,它可以被遗忘,或者认为:“如果没坏,就不要修复它。“一个创造性的思想家的理念是,“不存在一个微不足道的改进。” Synthesis. With this method, two or more existing ideas are combined into a third, new idea. Combining the ideas of a magazine and an audio tape gives the idea of a magazine you can listen to, one useful for blind people or freeway commuters. For example, someone noticed that a lot of people on dates went first to dinner and then to the theater. Why not combine these two events into one? Thus, the dinner theater, where people go first to eat and then to see a play or other entertainment. 合成。使用此方法,两个或多个现有的想法被组合到一个第三,新的想法。将想法的杂志和一个录音磁带给一个杂志的想法可以听,一个有用的盲人或高速公路通勤者。例如,有人注意到很多人约会首先用于晚餐,然后去看戏。为什么不把这两个事件为一个吗?因此,晚宴剧场,在那里人们先吃,然后去看戏剧或其他娱乐。Revolution. Sometimes the best new idea is a completely different one, an marked change from the previous ones. While an evolutionary improvement philosophy might cause a professor to ask, How can I make my lectures better and better? a revolutionary idea might be, Why not stop lecturing and have the students teach each other, working as teams or presenting reports? For example, the evolutionary technology in fighting termites eating away at houses has been to develop safer and faster pesticides and gasses to kill them. A somewhat revolutionary change has been to abandon gasses altogether in favor of liquid nitrogen, which freezes them to death or microwaves, which bake them. A truly revolutionary creative idea would be to ask, How can we prevent them from eating houses in the first place? A new termite bait that is placed in the ground in a perimeter around a house provides one answer to this question. 革命。有时候最好的新想法是一个完全不同的人,一个从以前的显著变化。而进化的改进哲学可能会引起一场教授问,“我怎样才能让我的演讲越来越好吗?“一个革命性的想法可能是,“为什么不停止讲课,学生们彼此教导,合作或报表?“例如,进化技术在战斗白蚁蚕食房屋已经被开发更安全也更快杀虫剂和气体杀死他们。有些革命性的变化已经放弃气体完全赞成液态氮,冻结他们死亡或微波,烤熟。一个真正的革命性创意会问,“怎样才能防止他们吃的房子呢?“一个新的防蚁饵,放在地上在周边房屋提供了一个对这个问题的回答。 Reapplication. Look at something old in a new way. Go beyond labels. Unfixate, remove prejudices, expectations and assumptions and discover how something can be reapplied. One creative person might go to the junkyard and see art in an old model T transmission. He paints it up and puts it in his living room. Another creative person might see in the same transmission the necessary gears for a multi-speed hot walker for his horse. He hooks it to some poles and a motor and puts it in his corral. The key is to see beyond the previous or stated applications for some idea, solution, or thing and to see what other application is possible. For example, a paperclip can be used as a tiny screwdriver if filed down; paint can be used as a kind of glue to prevent screws from loosening in machinery; dishwashing detergents can be used to remove the DNA from bacteria in a lab; general purpose spray cleaners can be used to kill ants. 再申请。看看旧的东西以一种新的方式。超出标签。Unfixate,消除偏见、期望和假设和发现一些可以重新应用。一个有创意的人会去垃圾场和看到艺术在一个旧模型T传输。他描绘它,把它放进他的客厅。另一个有创造力的人可能会看到在同一个传输必要的齿轮为多级热沃克为他的马。他钩到一些波兰人和电动机,把它放进他的畜栏。关键是要看到超越了以往或声明应用程序对于某些想法,解决方案,或事情,看看其他应用程序是可能的。例如,一个回形针可以用作一个小螺丝刀如果申请下来;油漆可以用作一种胶来防止螺丝松动在机械;清洁剂,可以用来去除细菌的DNA在实验室;通用喷雾清洁剂可用于杀死蚂蚁。 Changing Direction. Many creative breakthroughs occur when attention is shifted from one angle of a problem to another. This is sometimes called creative insight. A classic example is that of the highway department trying to keep kids from skateboarding in a concrete-lined drainage ditch. The highway department put up a fence to keep the kids out; the kids went around it. The department then put up a longer fence; the kids cut a hole in it. The department then put up a stronger fence; it, too, was cut. The department then put a threatening sign on the fence; it was ignored. Finally, someone decided to change direction, and asked, What really is the problem here? Its not that the kids keep getting through the barri