如何写好主题句和扩展句.ppt

段落 设计好一个段落 一般说来 一个段落由三部分组成 主题句 扩展句和结论句 主题句提出的论述的主题 扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说明 结论句总结全文 在论证的基础上得出结论 这三者是段落的必要成分 他们相辅相成 构成一个完整的段落 有些段落还有过渡句 它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡 1 主题句1 主题句的位置 请找出段落的主题句Smokingisharmfultoyourhealth Experimentshowthatsmokingcancausecancer Besidesthemostseriousdiseasecancer smokingcanalsocauseotherhealthproblems Forexample itgivesonea smoker scough Finally studieshaveshownitiseasyforsmokerstocatchcolds Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldortheterriblekiller cancer smokingisharmful Isitworthit AlbertEinstein oneoftheworld sgreatestscientists failedinhisuniversityentranceexamonhisfirstattempt WilliamFaulkner oneofAmerica sfamouswriters neverfinishedcollegebecausehecouldnotpasshisEnglishcourses SirWinstonChurchill whoisconsideredoneofthemastersoftheEnglishlanguage wasverypoorinEnglishduringmiddleschool Thesefewexamplesshowthatschooldoesnotalwayspredictfailureinlife Karaok whichwasinventedbyaJapanese oneofthegreatestwondersofmoderntechnology Needlesstosay Karaokisagoodwayofrest Youcanlearnanewsongeasily It salsoagoodwaytomakeyourfriendshappy Nearlyeverybodyhasachancetobeasingingstar However everythinghastwosides sodoesKaraok It snoisytoyourneighbors Besides ifyousingbadly theywillfeeluncomfortable Infact youaresuretomakeasoundpollution 2 写好主题句 有两条原则1 主题句要明确 句中须有一个词 词组 或从句让读者一目了然本段的确切主题 明确本段的重点或观点 例如 Thisparagraphwilltalkaboutbirds 这句作为主题句就太笼统 不确切 试比较以下几句 下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段落的主题 a Birdshaveagreatsenseofdirection b Petownersprefercertainspeciesofbirds c Inmyopinion abirdmakesabetterpetthanacatdoes d Birdsaresufferingfromair pollution 2 主题句要概括 它陈述你要说明的重点和观点 句中必须包含有可扩展主题的词 词组或从句 他应该是你将进一步表明你的态度和看法的概括 同时 主题句有利于控制作者本人的主题的扩展 例如 TheyounggirlstudiedChineseHistory 该主题句未能概括主题的要点 则不利于下面的扩展 最好增添一个词或一个短语来修改这个句子 以便顺利地展开你的主题 例如 a TheyounggirleagerlystudiedChineseHistory b TheyounggirlstudiedChineseHistoryunderafamoushistorian c TheyounggirlfoundthreereasonsforstudyingChineseHistory 2 下面各段没有主题句 请根据全段内容拟定一个主题句 1 Forexampleteacherslivebysellingknowledge philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort Thoughitmaybepossibletomeasurethevalueofmaterialgoodsintermsofmoney itisverydifficulttocalculatethetruevalueofserviceswhichpeopleperformforus Theconditionsofsocietyaresuchthatsillshavetobepaidforinthesamewaythatgoodsarepaidforatshop Everyonehassomethingtosell Everyonelivesbysellingsomething 2 BeforeenteringahouseinJapan itisagoodmannertotakeoffyourshoes InEuropeancountrieseventhoughshoessometimesbecomeverymuddy thisisnotdone AguestinaChinesehouseneverfinishesadrink Heleavesalittletoshowthathehashadenough InaMalaysianhouse too aguestleavesalittlefood InEngland aguestalwaysfinishesadrinktoshowthathehasenjoyedit Itseemsthatmannersindifferentcountriesareneverthesame Differentcountriesanddifferentraceshavedifferentmanners 3 Firecanheatwater cook giveoutlightandkeepyourhousewarm Sometimes however bigfirescanburndownhousesandforests Forexample thebigfirecausedbyYuanmingPalace afamouspalaceinQingDynasty ruinedcompletely Sowemustbeverycarefulwithmatches burningcigarettes faultyelectricappliancesorunquenched 未扑灭的 fires Becarefulwithfirebecauseitdoesnotalwaysdousgood 扩展句 扩展句的作用是丰富 支持 扩展主题句的内涵 他们是段落的血和肉 扩展句的表达形式是多种多样的 可以按时间或空间顺序 从整体到局部从局部到整体的方法叙述 描写 说明或议论 也可用比较 对比 比喻 推导 归纳 演绎的手段来展现 单一性 一个段落只说明一个问题 讲述一件事 扩展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句 不偏离中心思想 通常对扩展句的要求有两个 单一性和连贯性 找出一个违背单一性的句子 Chinahasmadegreatprogressinreducingitspopulationgrowth Chinahasalreadycutitsrateofpopulationgrowthbyaboutonehalfsince1970 Itiswrongofthewesterngovernmentstofindfaultwithitspoliciesofeliminationofpoverty Chinanowurgeseachfamilytohavenomorethanonechild Andithopestoreachzeropopulationgrowth thenumberofbirthequalingthenumberofdeath bytheyear2000 连贯性 段落中各扩展句前后衔接 条理清楚 合乎逻辑 使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想 在议论文中 我们常会谈到首先 其次 然后 该如何表达 1 first second third last2 firstly secondly thirdly finally3 thefirst thesecond thethird thelast4 tobeginwith then furthermore finally5 tostartwith next inaddition besides lastbutnotleast6 ontheonehand ontheotherhand7 foronething foranotherthing 练习 根据所给的主题句和提示 写好段落的扩展句 1 主题句 Howexcitedwewerewhenwelearnedthatweweregoingtohaveaspringhour after discussion agree climb outofthecity we oftenpassby mountain thefirsttime thinkof climbit setout early morning about anhour begin tired stillalongway go shortbreak goon climb lunchtime gettothetop mountain ourbeautifulcity belowus happy verytired结尾句 Itprovesthatmanythingsarejustlikeclimbingamountain theylookattractive buttheyarenoteasytodo 参考答案 1 Afteraheateddiscussionweagreedtoclimbthemountainoutsidethecity Wehadpassedbythemountainwhenweweretakingabusoutofthecity butitwasthefirsttimewehadthoughtofclimbingit Westartedearlyinthemorning Aboutanhourlater webegantofeeltired buttherewasstillalongwaytogo Wetookashortbreakandthenwentonclimbing Notuntillunchtimedidwegettothetopofthemountain Atsightofourbeautifulcitybelowus wefelthappythoughweweretiredout 练习 根据所给的主题句和提示 写好段落的扩展句 2 主题句 Hewaskindandshybeforeagroupofnaughtygirls buthewasverystrictinhisteachingandwithourstudents teachus alotinknowledge aswellasinmorality Iremember myfinalexam Haveanidea lookindictionary secretly Unfortunately discover savemyface Afterexam call tohisoffice myheart beatfast Insteadofscolding saykindly advise dogood moved tears 18years pass keep remindme studyhard honest 参考答案 2 Hetaughtusalotinknowledgeaswellasinmorality Irememberthetimeofmyfinalexamination Ihadtheideaoflookinginmydictionarysecretly Unfortunately mysecretwasdiscoveredbyhimandhesaidnothingtosavemyface Aftertheexamination Iwascalledtohisoffice Myheartwasbeatingfast Insteadofscolding hetalkedkindlytomeandadvisedmetodogood Iwasmovedtotears Eighteenyearshaspassed butthelessonremainsdeepinmymemoryandalwaysremindsmetostudyhardandkeephonest 结论句 结论句并非必不可少 但它能起到以下的作用 1 表示段落的结束 2 总结要点 与主题句相呼应 3 供读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有个深刻的印象或进行思考 结论句 推荐 1 主题句 Lifeislimited butknowledgeisboundless 结尾句 Howimportantitistoreadgoodbooks 2 主题句 Booksarefullofknowledgeandwisdom 结尾句 Whyshouldn