英语单项知识的讲解与练习(86).docx

英语单项知识的讲解与练习（86）426. base的用法base基础、基地、基于、以作根据。例句：I found a small leaf at thebaseof the flower.我在那朵花的底部发现一片小叶。Our mission was over, and went back to ourbase.我们的任务结束了,我们返回了基地。This novel isbasedon historical facts.这部小说是以历史事实为根据的。To betray a friend is abaseaction.背叛朋友是卑劣的行为。短语：base oneself on something根据、基于；base something on (upon)/ be based on (upon)以为基础、作根据；at the base of在基础上；at the base of the mountain在山脚下；the base of a triangle三角形的底边；base a guess on experience根据经验进行猜测；set up a base建立基地；用法：base的基本意思是“底座,基础”,一般指具体有形的事物的底部、基座等; 也可用来比喻理论的基础或讨论的根据等。base还可作“基地”解,多指军事或工业基地。base是可数名词,其前可加a或the,在句中可作主语或宾语。base还可用作形容词,作“卑鄙的”解。例如:To betray a friend is a base action.出卖朋友是一种可鄙的行为。base用作动词是“把建立在,以为基础”的意思,指人们依据一定的客观规律或自己的亲身体验而得出的一定结论。base常用于非物质结构的基础,这个基础可以是物质的,也可以是非物质的。base是及物动词,常与on连用,作“使建立在基础上”解。常用于被动结构。base不与with搭配。比较：base 常指具体的基础。如：Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work.basic 则指抽象的基础。如：His report roots on a firm factual basis. ground指有形的或无形的基础，强调坚固、牢实，具有支撑能力。如：ground fertilizer；练习：So interested in the script _ the 25000-li Long March, he has decided to play the leading part. A. based on B. is based upon C. that on the base of D. basing on _ your writing on your true feelings and experiences of life if you want to attract the readers. A. Base B. Basing C. To base D. Based What are you mailing, Peter? A textbook _ a new method of teaching physics. I want to my friends to have a look at it. A. is based on B. based on C. basing upon D. which based upon _ on facts, the report should be reliable(可靠的). A. Based B. Basing C. Being based D. To base What is the _ of your opinion? Marx made London for the _ of his revolutionary work. A. basis; base B. basis; basis C. base; basis D. base; base 427. bear的用法bear熊、忍受、生育、结（果）。过去分词：borne 例句：The hunter slashed at thebearwith his knife.猎人挥刀向熊猛烈砍去。Thebearhas lived up to his reputation for stupidity.这只熊果然名不虚传，笨得出奇。I cantbearyoung people casting away their youth.我无法忍受年轻人虚掷青春。Girls whom can get easily may be hard tobear.容易追求的女子,也许很难忍受。The child couldnt bear me to be away so long我离开这么久孩子受不了；短语：bear out 证实；bear for hard work能吃苦耐劳的人；be a bear for在方面顽强的,倔强的；bear down onupon冲向,向逼近；bear in with驶向,驶近；bear against否决；bear hatred against怀着对的仇恨；bear at带着；bear by佩着,产生；bear for怀着；bear from由生的；bear in生于；bear of出身；bear onupon佩戴着; 与有关,涉及；bear on an important case同一个重要案子有关；bear to带有；bear to the right向右转；bear with宽容,容忍；用法：bear用作动词的基本意思是“负重”,现代英语中主要表示“承担,负担”,是正式用语,常指人或动物承受和经得起压力或艰难的处境等,也可指人或动物负或支撑某物的重量,引申还可表示“推动”“挤压”,指因有一定的负担而迫使某人或某物运动。bear用于此意是及物动词,其后接名词、代词作宾语。bear在作“忍受,容忍”解时,在肯定句中,表示某人虽然受痛苦与困难,但以勇敢方式忍受了其痛苦经历; 在否定句中,表示某人或某物过于令人烦恼,令人无法忍受,作此义解时bear可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词,常与can, could的否定式连用,其后常接动词不定式、动名词或that从句,也可接以动词不定式充当补足语的复合宾语。不用于被动结构。bear还有“抱有,怀有”等含义,且常常引申为“佩戴某物,具有某特征,或怀有某种感情”,作此义解时bear是及物动词,可接简单宾语,也可接双宾语。bear用作名词的基本意思是“熊”,用于比喻可指像熊一样粗鲁的人,有时也可指顽强的人,有特殊才能的人。bear还可指“证券交易投机商”,主要指卖空投机商,有时也可指证券交易中对行情看跌的人。在句中有时也用作定语,表示“卖空者的”“行情下跌的”。bear是可数名词,但作为狩猎对象,只可用bear,而不用bears。bear首字母大写时(Bear)表示“熊星星座”。比较：bear 忍受、忍耐，特别与cannot连用，表示不喜欢，绝对不能忍受某事或某种情况，是较正式用词。如：The noise was terrible; I couldnt bear it. bear 还表示“承受重量”。如：The ice is too thin to bear your weight. bear 还表示“生产、结（果）”。如：This tree bears on fruit. stand 容忍、忍受，常用于口语，特别在强调苦难、疼痛、不幸、损失等的忍受时可与bear 互换。如：I wonder that you can stand/ bear the pain. stand 常以否定形式出现，在肯定句中有较强的正面意味，即“不屈不挠、经受得起”的意味。put up with 忍受，强调不反对、不怨恨之意，也常与cannot 连用。如：I cant put up with this toothache any longer. suffer受苦、忍受、遭受，忍受精神或肉体上的痛苦，作及物动词时，宾语一般都是不利的事。如：For weeks she suffered great pain, but she said nothing about it. endure意为“经受长期的艰难、困苦或折磨而不屈服”，强调持久力和意志坚强，常用于否定句中。 tolerate意为“忍受某人或某种行为而不反抗”，语气最弱，可用于肯定句和否定句中。bear表示“忍受”时其后可跟doing sth.表示习惯性动作，也可跟to do sth.表示某一次具体动作，且多与 can, could，be able to连用；作“生产，生育”讲时，有两种过去分词形式：borne指“生产，生育”，而 born 指“出生”。 练习：She couldnt _ to see animals _ cruelly. A. bear; being treated B. be beared; treated C. bear; treated D. be beared; being treated Who will _ the responsibility? A. offer B. bear C. charge D. send The brave lady, who suffered a lot from her liver cancer, _ the pain with great courage, even in front of her husband. A. stood B. bore C. prevented D. stopped We must bear in mind that the efforts we have made will surely bear _. A. results B. produces C. grain D. fruit I dont think our relationship could _ the strain of her mother visiting for a month. A. bear B. tell C. put up D. hold428. beat的用法beat打赢、打胜、敲打、（心脏、脉）跳动。例句：His fatherbeatthe disobedient boy.他的父亲打那个不听话的男孩。If we dont prepare for the speech contest, they willbeatus.如果这场演讲比赛我们不做好准备的话,他们就会打败我们。Hes alive；his heart is stillbeating.他还活着心脏还在跳。Theybeatdrums to cheer up the players.他们擂鼓给运动员加油。Had it not been for the PLA, we wouldnt have been able tobeatthe flood.要不是人民解放军,我们是无法战胜洪水的。Every member of the band must follow thebeat.乐队的每个成员都必须跟着拍子演奏。We heard thebeatof a drum.我们听见敲鼓的声音。I am completelybeat.我累极了。短语：beat about 搜索；beat off 击退、打退；beaten-up 破旧的；beat about the bush 绕弯子讲话；beat somebody/ defeat somebody/ win over somebody赢了某人；beat/ hit/ strike somebody in the chest 打在某人的胸部；beat somebody to death 把某人打死；beat the world record in the high jump 打破世界跳高纪录；beat ones way through the crowd 挤过人群；beat down on （太阳火辣辣地）照晒着；beat somebody at chess 下棋赢了某人；beat up 痛打；beat black and blue打得青一块紫一块；be quite/ dead beat 筋疲力尽；用法：beat用作动词的基本意思是“打”,指连续的击打,其目的一般是加害或惩罚他人,击打动作则迅速而有序,一般不指明使用的器具。引申可表示娱乐场合或比赛中“打败”“战胜”“胜过”; 还可表示“难倒”“使无法解答”。beat还可指心脏等有节律的舒张与收缩、跳动或使某物不停地上下动、拍动。beat作“击打”解时主语一般为人,宾语可为人,也可为物; 作“拍打”解时,主语多为风、雨、海浪等名词。“拍打在(地方)”则用at, on, against等引起的介词短语。当作“战胜”“胜过”解时,其主语多为team一类的名词,当作“难倒”“使无法解答”解时,其主语则为problem等。beat还可指劈荆斩棘、开辟道路或踏出一条路。beat可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。用作及物动词时,可接名词或代词作宾语,可用于被动结构。beat可接以名词、形容词、副词或介词短语充当补足语的复合宾语,意思是“打成”。beat的过去分词可以是beat或beaten,但beat现在一般只用于形容词或非正式英语中,意思是“很疲乏”或指五六十年代的“奇装异服的”,其他场合一律用beaten。beat用作名词的基本意思是“敲打”,也可指“敲打声”,即有节奏地连续击打、敲打或指敲打时发出的声音,还可作“拍子”解,指音乐节奏的拍子。引申可表示“常去之地”,指过去访问过或游览过的地方。beat还可指“跳动”“悸动”,即心脏、脉搏等的一次跳动。beat作“拍子”解时,一般用于单数形式,其前须加定冠词the。比较： defeat 表示“击败、战胜”，往往用于战争、选举、比赛等场合。如：Our class defeated theirs in the basketball match yesterday. win 赢、获胜，一个人打赢一场比赛、战争，或竞赛中荣获奖赏，在这些事件后，他可说：I have won. win是以比赛、战争、奖赏等作宾语，不能以对手作宾语。当beat 作“击败”讲时，与win 同义。如：I beat John at chess yesterday.练习：Roy Jones Jr. _ Antonic Tarver to regains the world light-heavy weight title.A. beat B. won C. was beat D. was won Who _ the competition held last week? A. beat B. won C. came out first D. got the first place We _ Class 3 in the competition held yesterday. A. won B. tied C. tied to D. were beat We _ the visiting teams. This is to say, both teams scored the same points. A. beat B. defeated C. won D. tied We are all disappointed to hear that he _ the table tennis match.A. has won B. has been beaten C. has defeated D. has lost They never expected that they would be _ in the war. A. beaten B. lost C. won D. defeated The Americans heart _ faster when his boot was cut open. A. jumped B. beat C. struck D. knocked429. dead的用法dead死；deadly致命的、极有害的；例句：It lay there with its eyes closed,deadas a doornail.它躺在那里眼睛闭著，确实死了。He has beendeadfor two years.他已死了两年。He wasdeadasleep.他酣然大睡。You can bedeadsure of my innocence.你绝对可以相信我是无辜的。短语：dead asleep沉睡；dead keen非常喜欢；dead right完全正确；dead sure绝对肯定；dead from starvation饿死；dead of a disease病死；dead of a heart attack因心脏病发作而死亡；dead to对无感觉的,对无反应的；dead to all sense of shame全无羞耻之心；dead to pity麻木不仁；dead to the world在酣睡；dead with cold冻得失去知觉；(his face) turned deadly pale他脸如土色；deadly tired累极了；dead to rights肯定无疑、当场；at/ in (the) dead of居于最中间；on the dead一点不假；用法：dead的基本意思是“死的”,表示人生命终止或动植物枯萎、枯死。引申可表示“死寂的”“麻木的”“极度疲倦的,累极的”“阴沉的”等,所指的对象可以是人、动物、植物,也可以是抽象的事物。在一些短语里dead还可指“完全的,全然的”。dead在句中可用作定语、表语或宾语补足语。dead与定冠词the连用可用作名词,表示“死者”。dead用作副词意思是“突然地,完全地”,也可作“极度地,绝对”“直接地,正对着”解。dead在句中主要用作状语,可修饰动词、形容词、介词短语或其他副词。dead后接of，介词的宾语指疾病，表示“因病而死”。如： She was dead of cancer. 后接from，介词的宾语指寒冷、饥饿等，表示“因而死”。如： He was dead from starvation. 后接against，表示“坚决反对”，用于口语中。如： He was dead against our plan for some reason. 练习：It is said that Mr. smith dropped _ from a heart attack when he was watching a football game. A. dead B. deadly C. deathly D. died I cant put up with the _atmosphere here. A. silent B. aimless C. lifeless D.deadlyWhen Marys mother was chatting with her on the mobile phone, the battery_dead suddenly. A. went B. came C. remainedD. changedTo begin with, the gypsy girl was _ at the sight of a snake and now she plays with snakes in a circus. A. frightened to die B. frightened to dead C. frightened at death D. frightened to death- Can you tell me where Mr Smith lives? - Im sorry to say he _. He _ three years ago. A. was dead; was died B. is dead; died C. was dead; died D. died; diedWe were scared _when the earthquake broke out,but our teacher managed to make us calm down. A.to dieB.to death C.of being deadD.of dying430. decline的用法decline (v)使降低、衰退、拒绝；例句：The price of 14 inches TV setdeclinedfrom 400 to 320 yuan each. 14英寸的电视机每台从400元降到320元。He spent hisdecliningyears in the country.他在乡间度过晚年。Thisdeclinein vigour with the passing of time is called ageing.这种随着时间流逝的活力衰退就叫做衰老。There is a sharpdeclinein unemployment.失业率急剧下跌。短语：declining years/ the decline of life晚年；The day is declining时近黄昏；decline an invitation谢绝邀请；decline to answer a question拒绝回答问题；a decline in prices物价的下跌；decline toward向下沉；decline with婉言谢绝；decline suggestion谢绝建议；decline westward向西下沉；用法：decline用作动词的基本意思是有礼貌地拒绝邀请、给予或服务。引申可表示“衰落,降低”“倾斜,下降”“下沉”。作“辞谢,谢绝”解时多用作及物动词,其后可接名词、动名词或动词不定式作宾语