非谓语讲义16.doc

动词的非谓语形式动词的非谓语形式1. inf. 2. G. 3. v-ing 4. v-edI. inf.一、 形式变化：主动：to do sth. to be doing sth to have done 被动：to be done to have been done 二、 句中的作用：1. 主语： To master a foreign language is not easy. To love and to be loved is a great happiness of life. It is important for sb. to do sth. It is very nice of you to say so.2. 表语：His wish is to be a teacher of English. She seems to be happy. 3. 宾语：He loved to listen to music. I find it difficult to speak English well.W have decided to experiment with a new method. 4. 定语：不定式和名词有三种逻辑关系。You are the very person to do the job. There is lots of work to do. I want to find a house to live in.Its my turn to be on duty today.My dream to be a teacher finally came true. 5. 补足语：China expects every man to do his duty. I could not make them understand me. They helped me (to) carry the boxes. The earth was not known to be a planet.We were made to pay the money. A man was seen to enter the house, and was heard to give some order. 6. 状语：(目的、结果、原因等)in order to vs. only to She looked into the window to see what was going on inside.I started early so as to get there before suppertime. He lived to see his children grow up.He is too young to go to school.I worked hard only to fail at last.The children jumped with joy to hear of the arrival of Father Christmas.We are proud to be members of this team. 补充说明：inf. 常可用在某些作表语的形容词后面作状语： 说明产生这种情绪的原因： happy, glad, pleased, sorry, lucky, surprised, angry, able, right, ready, clever, foolish, quick, slow, polite, wrong, etc.We are surprised to find him there. You are kind to help us. Be careful not to catch (a) cold. 或在哪方面存在表语形容词所表示的情况： easy, difficult, hard, pleasant, interesting, exciting, comfortable, etc. 此时，尽管inf. 和宾语存在着动宾关系，然而，不定式不能用被动式，只能用主动式。The girl was easy to get on with. The room is pleasant to live in.The question is rather difficult to answer. The story is interesting to read. 三、 inf. 的各种结构：1. 否定结构： not to do sth. never to do sth. I promised not to wake him up. You must promise never to do that again. 2. 疑问词+ inf. : 具有名词性质，可作主语、表语、主要用作宾语。疑问代词：who, whom, whose, which, what + inf. 疑问副词：when, where, how + inf. 可用作下列动词的宾语：ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, remember, learn, wonder, want to know, show, Where to stay for the night has not been decided. She has forgotten whom to ask. 3. of/ for + n. / pron. + inf. Its very important for us to learn a foreign language. Its very kind of you to come to the hospital to see me. 4. 独立结构：单独使用， 不作任何主要成分，也不修饰任何成分，具有插入语的性质。To be frank with you, I do not care much for your project. They are, so to speak, grown-up boys. 可以这么说，他们是大孩子了。 He is not a bad man, to be sure. 固然，他不是坏人。 II.G.一、 形式变化主动：writing / having written 被动: being written / having been written 二、 在句中的作用1. 主语Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.Swimming is a good exercise. It is no use/ need / good crying. 2. 表语His hobby is collecting stamps. 3. 宾语 动宾: finish, complete, suggest, avoid, stop, mind, enjoy, delay, practise, advise, consider, escape, miss, imagine, risk, excuse, prevent, encourage, appreciate, understand, resist, keep on, give up, put off, get through, cant help, burst out, etc. Im sorry I missed seeing you while in Beijing. I really cant help getting excited when I see him.Have you considered taking an evening English course? 介宾She is fond of dancing. He left without saving anything. 4. 宾补：这种用法很少， 或高考中很少能涉及到。He called this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 他管这叫拆东墙补西墙。 I didnt notice the dictionary being taken away. 5. 定语 sleeping pills, a fishing boat l 说明：有些动词后既可接inf.，也可接G， 但含义有所不同。begin, start, love, like, prefer, hate, dislike, continue, intend, need, want, try, regret, forget, remember, mean, go on, etc. l 动名词用做真实主语，限于名词：good, need, use, fun, a waste of time, 限于形容词：nice, interesting, foolish, etc. Its no good / use having a car if you cant drive. Its great fun preparing / to prepare for a party. Its interesting organizing / to organize a dance. Its a waste of time watching such a lot of TV plays. l 与动名词连用的重要句型：A: have difficulty trouble problem fun pleasure a good time a hard time (in) doing sth. B: Theres no good need use harm hurry (in) doing sth. 三、 动名词的各种结构A: 否定结构：not doing sth. / Its no use buying books but not reading them. B: 复合结构：物主代词或名词所有格doing sth. eg: His going there wont help much. Johns coming here will get us out of trouble. III. 分词（V-ing V-ed）一、 形式变化V-ing: 主动：doing sth. having done sth. 被动: being done having been done V-ed : (仅有这种形式)二、 在句中的作用：V-ing: 主动、正在进行 V-ed-ed:被动、已完成. 表语His explanation is confusing. My pencil was broken. . 定语The boom mentions something interesting. A lost opportunity never returns. 机不可失，时不再来。The material used is cement. . 状语 时间状语：Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him.Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. When asked to make a speech, she said she would be glad to do so. While reading, I fell asleep. 原因状语：Being ill, he stayed at home. Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion. 条件状语：Working hard, you will succeed. United, we stand; united, we fall. 让步状语：Working very hard, he did not feel a bit tired. Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence and practiced even harder.结果状语：A number of new machines were installed in the factory, thus resulting in an increase in production. This kind of fish can eat a person in a few minutes, leaving only bones. 方式状语：Traveling by air, the students visited many places. Armed with Marxism-Leninism, The Communist Party solved the problems one after another. one problem after another. 伴随状语：The teacher went into the classroom, followed by some students. They stayed at home all day, giving the house a throu