考研英语语法之虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气一、虚拟条件句条件句分两种：一种是真实条件句，一种是虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句，即指在一个虚拟假想的条件下来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景，这些情景是不可能发生的，与客观事实相反。在这种条件句中，从句和主句都要用虚拟语气。虚拟条件句一般用if，unless (if not)，lest来引导。表示虚拟的时间从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式现在过去式didwould/should/might/could + do过去过去完成时had donewould/should/might/could + have done将来were to do/should dowould/should/might/could + doIf I have enough money, I will go to the zoo with you.如果我有足够的钱，我会和你一起去动物园。（真实条件句，暗含“我先数一数钱，如果够，就去”之意。）If I had enough money, I would go to the zoo with you.要是我有足够的钱的话（该多好），（这样）我就可以和你一起去动物园了。（对现在的虚拟，暗含“我身上几乎没钱，没法和你去”之意、）If I had had enough money, I would have gone to the zoo with you.如果我当时有足够的钱的话，我就会和你一起去动物园了。If I should have enough money, I would go to the zoo with you.如果我到时候能有足够的钱，我就和你一起去动物园。If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup Tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are most likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.如果仔细查看2006年世界杯联赛每个足球运动员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个明显的巧合：好的足球运动员大都在一年的前几个月出生而不是后几个月。If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the 插入语option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping the line.他们声称，如果铁路部门对所有客户都收取一样的费用，那么发货商就可以转向公路或其他的运输方式，从而迫使剩余的客户承担维持铁路经营的成本费用。二、wish、if only的虚拟用法 （wish引导宾语从句，if only引导感叹句）与现在相反过去式didIf only ( = I wish) my friend was healthy!与过去相反过去完成时had doneIf only ( = I wish) he had talked to her sooner!与将来相反过去将来时would doIf only ( = I wish) they would stop making nuclear bombs!At the second home, the son of the other woman who had gone said, “If only I hadnt insisted on my mothers going to Florida, she would be alive today.”在第二家，另一位已故妇人的儿子说：“如果当初我没有坚持让母亲去佛罗里达，也许她今天还会活着。” 错综时间条件句三、would rather引导的宾语从句的虚拟用法would rather意为“宁愿、宁可”，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。would rather有时也写作would sooner，would just as soon。与现在或将来相反过去式didId rather you were not involved in the case.与过去相反过去完成时had doneId rather that you hadnt told me about it.四、as if、as though引导的方式状语从句 与现在相反过去式didSummer as it is, it seems as if it were spring.与过去相反过去完成时had doneNobody ever touched this machine but it operates as if it had been repaired.表示将来的可能性不大过去将来时would doSome days go by much more quickly than others. Some hours seem as if hey would never end.If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected.如果我要纠正别人，我会采取幽默自制的态度，好像在纠正自己一样。 Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.盐湖城的许多移民都对这次拘捕表示愤慨，他们说感觉自己就像是可随意处理的商品一样被对待。as if / as though 也可不用于虚拟语气，而用陈述语气，表示事实有很大的可能性。这种情况常用在look, seem, appear, taste, smell, sound等后。It seems as if the boy has lost his way.There were clouds in the sky; it looks as if it is going to rain.五、建议性虚拟语气建议性虚拟语气以suggest的用法为典型代表，用于表示建议、要求、命令等语气。其形式采用should + 动词原形，其中should可省略。表愿望desire, prefer; desirable, preferable; desire, preference, wish, hopeWe desire that the tour leader inform us immediately of any change in plans.表建议advise, propose, suggest, recommend; advisable, proposed, suggestive; advice, proposal, suggestion, motionHe suggested we go to tomorrows exhibition together.表要求请求ask, beg, insist, maintain, oblige, request, require, urge; insistent, urgent, requested; insistence, maintenances, request, requirement, urge, petitionMikes uncle insists that he (should) not stay in this hotel.表命令command, decree, dictate, direct, order, stipulate; command, decree, dictation, direction, order, stipulationAs Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.表决定decide, determine, resolve; decisive, resolved, decided; decision, determination, resolutionIt is decided that no smoking be allowed in the classroom.表其他arrange, deserve, intend, motion(示意), promise; promising, arranged, inevitable; arrangement, intention, promiseIt has been arranged that they leave the following day.Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children disabled or not to an 主语 谓语1 宾语 appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide 修饰宾语the right 谓语2 宾语从句that education. 近期法院的裁决赋予了所有儿童（无论残疾与否）接受适当的教育的权利，并且责令公立学校采取必要的步骤提供这种教育。Smith recommends that, whenever possible, you schedule a dental appointment or other discomforting events in the morning so you dont spend the whole day worrying about it.史密斯建议，一有可能，你就在早晨安排与牙医的见面或者其他令你感到不安的事，这样你就不会一整天都感到惴惴不安了。The suggestion that the mayor should present the prizes was accepted by everyone.由市长来颁奖的建议已被大家接受。补充拓展：Suggest当“建议”讲时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气；当“暗示”、“略微透露”、“表明”讲时，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气Her face suggested (表明) that she was ill. So I suggested (建议）that she should be sent to the nearest hospital immediately.Insist当“坚决要求”、“硬要”讲时，后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气。当“坚持说”讲时，不用虚拟语气。Tom insisted (坚决要求) Mike should apologize to his teacher, but Mike insisted (坚持说) that he was not wrong at all.Theories concerning the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.关于个体研究的理论认为，孩子们从事犯罪活动是因为在以前的错行中对他们的惩罚力度不够，或是因为他们在与其他人的交往中学会了犯罪。六、情态动词表虚拟语气may/might, 表目的、让步However hard it may rain, we shall have to go. He died in order that others might be saved.may/might have done; 表示推测，可能已经，或许已经could/would have done表示本来能够做却没有做He might have given you help, however busy he was.Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.should/ought to have done; shouldnt/oughtnt have done 表示本应做/本不应做却没做/做了If he were wise, he should have come to see me.You ought to have been more careful in this experiment.neednt have done表示本来没必要做却做了There was plenty of time. She neednt have hurried.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged though not justified by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage.（在美国而不是欧洲）对泄漏数据缺乏法律制裁虽然并不能解释但却有可能助长了目前的事态。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?有多少人考虑过苹果向上落到树上的可能性？七、含蓄虚拟条件句otherwise, orHe must have had an accident, or he would have been here then.We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him.with, withoutNelson could have won the fight, with a little more training and a better manager.but forBut for the fog, we would have reached our destination in time.in the past, in sbs positionA man in his position might have done the same thing.under要是在的情况下Under the leadership of a less experienced person, the experiment would have failed.in caseThe game will be postponed in case it (should) snow.given (that)provided (taht)Given more time, I would have been able to finish the test.on condition thatThe guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they (should) not do harm to the animals.suppose/supposing (that)假设Suppose/supposing that there were no gravity, objects would not fall to ground when dropped.Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.如果没有遗忘，适应能力就会受到影响，例如十年前也许正确的行为现在不再正确了。Without the prospect of such a monopoly, it is widely believed, there would be a diminished motivation to invent, and in the long run society as a whole would suffer from a slower rate of technological advance.人们普遍认为，如果没有这种垄断前景，人们进行发明创造的动力就会衰减，长此以往，整个社会进步的速度就会变慢。八、It is/was+that从句结构中的虚拟语气表重要important, crucial, vital, essential, imperative表必要necessary, essential, obligatory, compulsory表正确appropriate, fair, just, right, proper, reasonable表惊奇surprising, astonishing, amazing, shocking, strange, odd表警惕alarming, tragic表害怕frightening, dreadful表生气annoying, irritable, lamentable表失望discouraging, disconcerting, disappointing表懊悔a pity, a shame, regretted, deplorable表困惑perplexing, bewildering表着急anxious, concerned, eager, urgent, keen其他incredible, unthinkable, embarrassing, upsetting, ridiculousIt is appropriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.拿出时间对阿波罗登月计划的结果做具体研究是合理的。It is unthinkable that they should have denied my request.他们竟然拒绝我的请求，真是不可思议。九、其他句型中的虚拟语气It is (high/about) time that + 一般过去式If I were in a mov