Lesson 16 More Issues for Debating 大学英语口语 College Oral English Course 教学.ppt

Lesson16MoreIssuesforDebating Tourism OtherIssues Thefollowingtipsareorientedtowardsmakingpreparationsforgreatereffectiveness Howtoconstructeffectivearguments Therearemanytechniquesthateachspeakercanuseintheirspeechbuttherearethreemainareasthatyouwillbemarkedon Theyarelanguage contentanddelivery 1 languageLanguageisimportantsincecontestantsmustbeunderstood Judgeslookforaccuratepronunciation enunciationandarticulationaswellastheabilitytovarythepaceandpitchofthevoicewhenspeaking Vocabularyusemustbeappropriate correctandinteresting Trytoavoidbeingtooinformalbutdon tgooverboardtheotherway 2 contentContentiswhatyousay itisthesubstanceofyourspeech Youshoulddivideyourcontentintoargumentsandsupportingmaterials Anargumentisastatement thetopicistrue falsebecauseofx wheretheargumentfillsinforthex Forexampleinthetopic论点 thatthezoosshouldbeclosed anargument论据maybe thezoosshouldbeclosedbecausetheyconfinetheanimalsinanunnaturalenvironment 3 deliveryTobringthetopicalive youcanusethefollowingtips Cuecards usethemthesamewayyouwoulduseapromptinaplay Theyarethereforreferenceifyouloseyourspot Eyecontact ifyoulookattheaudienceyouwillholdtheirattention Whenyou vegotthembytheeyeballstheirheartsandmindswillfollow Voice youmustprojectyourvoicesoastobeheardclearly Adjustyourvolume pitchandrateofspeakingtoemphasizeandcatchtheaudience sattention Bodylanguage yourbodyisatoolforyoutouse Howtorefutearguments Refutation驳斥istheprocessofprovingthatanargumentoraseriesofarguments ortheconclusionsdrawnfromthatargumentorarguments isfalse erroneous oratleastdoubtful Inadebate effectiverefutationsarekeytosuccess Refutationsshouldbehandledsystematically Hereareguidelinesthatyoucanfollow Anticipatewhatyouropponentwillsay Takecarefulnotesofwhatyouropponentsaysandnoteyourreactionstowhatissaid Findyouropponents fallacies谬误 谬论inargumentsandattackonthatbasis Organizeyourargumentseffectively Debatetopic1 Doyouthink GoldenWeek shouldbecancelled China s GoldenWeek hasbeguntoloseitsglitterduetothepressureitimposesonpublictransportationandscenicspots Thepossibilityofcancelingtheseven dayLaborDayandNationalDayholidays usuallycalled GoldenWeek hasbecomeawidelydiscussedtopic Arguments 1 GoldenWeekhasbeenveryeffectiveinintroducingtheideaofvacationtraveltoChinesefromtheverybeginning AftersevenyearsofGoldenWeeks thenumberofChinesetravelershasincreasedtoapointthatlittleroomforfurthergrowthremains Onthe1stofthegoldenweekinOct 1999 40millionpeoplewenttravelingaroundthecountry By2004thenumberhadincreased2 5timesto101million accordingtostatisticsfromtheNationalHolidaysCoordinatingOffice 2 GoldenWeekhasthepotentialtopromotethedevelopmentofairlinesandtravelagencies sinceitwasaperiodwhentheaverageexpenseoftravelincreasedbyupto30 comparedtotherestoftheyear 3 GoldenWeekprovidesanopportunityforafamilytogoonvacationtogetheratthesametime Counter arguments Duetothegrowthtrendindomestictourism scenicspotsandtransportationsystemareplacedundergrowingpressurefromGoldenWeek It sdefinitelychallengingforsmallerstationstoreceivefourorfivetimestheusualnumberofpassengersduringtheweek longholidays farmorethananyothertimeintheyearexceptingonlyChineseLunarNewYear TherailwayauthoritieshavetoaddtemporarytrainsduringGoldenWeeksforthewaveoftravelersheadingoutofthemajorscenicspotsthroughoutthecountry Andtheauthoritiesnotedthatresourcesarewastedduringtheperiodbecausemostofthetrainscarryingpassengersonlyoneway trainscomingbackfromscenicspotsareempty atthebeginningoftheGoldenWeek Asforthescenicspotsthemselves thesuddenrushofvisitorsswarmingintothematthesametimecausesdamageandenvironmentalstress Accordingtooneprofessor Eachplacehasacertaincapacityfortourists soscenicspotshopetoseearegularflowofvisitorseveryday notjustonholidays Judge Goldenweek doeshavesomanybenefits butitisalsotrueitbringsproblems becausepeoplearebecomingunwillingtotravelduringholidays Ithinktherearepossiblealternatives oneiscalled smallGoldenWeek shorteningweekendstoonedayandpostponingtheotherfourdaysofftotheendofeverymonth thusprovidingmoreopportunitiesforvacationsandremovingsomeoftheGoldenWeekpressure TheotheristointroducepaidleaveinalltheworkplacesinChina Debatetopic2 shouldwedeveloptourism Eversincethereformandopeningtotheoutsideworld tourismhasdevelopedveryquicklyinChina Wehaveseenalargeinflowofforeigntourists Soisitagoodthingtodeveloptourism A Wearenowlivinginanagewhichencouragescommunication Fromthispointofview Istronglybelievethatitisnecessarytodevelopthetouristtrade foritcontributesalottoincreasingunderstandingbetweennations Asthesayinggoes Seeingisbelieving onlyatriptoanunfamiliarlandcanhelpusunderstandthepeopleandculturethere Sincetourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeople itwillfinallywipeoutprejudiceagainstothernations andmaketheworldamorepeacefulone B Wewouldnotacceptthat Onthecontrary wefindthattourismcannotincreaseunderstandingbetweennationsbecausetouristsareoftentrappedinbighotelsandchancesarethattheyonlygazeatthenativesfromadistance Thus touristbusinesspreventspeoplefrommakingforeignfriends Foreigntouristscannothaveafullviewofthelocalculturebecausetheysimplydon thavetimetomixwiththelocalpeople Speakingofprejudice wefindthattourismdoesnothelpwipeoutprejudice onthecontrary itmayleadtothepersistenceofnationalstereotypesbecausewhentraveling peoplearelikelytonoticeonlycharacteristicswhichconfirmtheirpreconceptions A Wecertainlydonotexpecttouriststoseeeverything Theamountofknowledgeyougainaboutthecountryyouvisitvaryfrompersontoperson Butyoucannotdenythattouristscangainsomeknowledgeabouttheplacetheyvisitifwedonotcarehowmuchtheydo Forexample onceuponatimesomeAmericansbelievedthattheChinesestillworeplaids AtripinChinawouldcompletelychangetheimageoftheChineseintheireyeeventhoughtheymightonlygazethroughthewindowsofthehotels Besides tourismcontributessignificantlytothecountries GNP Theeconomyofsomeregionsisbasedonthetouristindustry Forinstance tourismhelpsdeveloparegion scommercebecausetouristsaremostlikelytobuysouvenirswherevertheygo Tourismalsoprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpssolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment Tourismhelpsimprovethetransportationsystemofaregion Tourismhelpsaccelerateacity sconstructionanditsembellishment Chinaisadevelopingcountry Butwehaveverygoodtouristresources Ifwecanputthemtoverygooduse theywilladdagreatdealtothenationalrevenues B That sagoodpoint buttourismmakessomepartsofthecountryandtheworldaswelltoocrowdedaplacetolivein Wecanfindthattourismcreatespollutionandhasdestroyedmanybeautifulscenicspots A That strue It salwaysthecase Whenyouintroducegoodthingsintoacounty thebadthingsalsofollowalong Butweshouldnotthrowoutthebabytogetherwiththebathingwater Whatweshoulddoistotakepreventivemeasures Thetouristresortsarethecommonwealthofthemankind Thetouristbusinessgivespeopleachancetoenjoythebeautifulsceneryoftheworldandthewondersofmankind B Youmustadmitthattourists sometimes cannothaveafullenjoymentofthebeautifulscenerybecausetheplacestheyvisitarerestrictedbyorganizers A That swhyweshoulddeveloptourism Iftourismiswelldeveloped theserviceswillbebetter therewillbemoreplacestoseeandlifewillbecomemoreinteresting Contactwithtouristsfromafarwidensthehorizonofthelocalpeople andtravelwidenstouristshorizonandmakethemmoreopen mindedinthemeanwhile B However itisnotalwaysthecase Asthesayinggoes Travelmakesawisemanbetter butafoolworse andwefindthatcontactwithandassimilationofothercultureswillreducetheuniquenessofone sowncultureandmaketheworldlesscolorfulthanbefore A Thereisnodangerofthat Itisnaturalfordifferentnationstolearnfromeachother Buttouristsonlymakeaverysmallproportionofthepopulationinthecountry Wecertainlydon