初中各类从句总结.doc

状语从句一、时间状语从句：1、 连接词when、while、aswhen 正当时候 be about towhen从句动词先于或后于主语动作while: 可表示对比（从句只用连续性动词）as: “一边一边”“随着”（省略句中: eg: As time goes on随着时间的推移）2、 before,after before常用句型:It is/was/will bebeforeeg: It will be 5 years before we meet again.It wont be long before we meet again.It was 5 years before we met again.It wasnt 5 years before we met again.3、 till，until用于肯定句中“直到为止”，主句谓语为持续性动词用于否定句中“直到才”，主句谓语为短暂性动词（until,till可用before代替）Not until位于句首倒装I didnt go to bed until midnight last night.=Not until midnight last night did I go to bed.强调句型只用until It was not until midnight that I went to bed last night.4、sinceIt is/has been+一段时间+since+从句（谓语一般用过去式）若接延续性动词，则译为“不做已经多久了”； 若接非延续性动词，则译为“做已经多久了”It has been 2 years since he smoked.It is 2 years since he died.It/This/That is +序数词+time +(that)+sb. have done某人第几次做这件事It is the first time that I have read this story.5、一就As soon as, the moment, immediately, no sooner than, hardly/scarelywhen当no sooner, hardly/scarely 放句首时，从句用部分倒装。I had no sooner opened the door than he rushed out.I had hardly opened the door when he rushed out.No sooner had I opened the door than he rushed out.Hardly had I opened the door when he rushed out.二、地点状语从句:where, wherever, everywhere状语从句：We shall go where the condition are poor.定语从句：We shall go the place where the condition are poor.（定语从句有先行词）句型一：where, there哪里哪里Where there is a will, there is a way.句型二：anywhere/wherever+地点从句，主句Wherever you go, I go too.三、原因状语从句1、because, since, as用why提问强调句中关联词“notbut”与“just”等副词连用since引导从句常放句首，往往表示对方已知的让步原因关系，主从时态一般相同as从句放句首2、now(that) 既然3、considering that,seeing (that):与since,now that意相近: “鉴于”“考虑到”四、目的状语从句1、that, so that, in order that“为了，以便”从句中往往出现情态动词：can, could, may, might当主从句的主语一致时，可转换为相应动词不定式结构：so as to, in order toI came to the class early so that I could see the classmates beside me.2、in case, for fear that, lest“以防、以免、万一.”从句是肯定句五、结果状语从句1、so, that, so that，such that （是这样以致）so that可以引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句，区别在于：目的状从中有情动It was very cold so that the river froze.2、sothat ， suchthat “如此以至于”such a/an +形+单名=so+形+a/an+单名 六、条件状语从句：主句中用一般将来时，从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时1、if正面条件“如果”2、unless“除非，如果不”3、so/as long as, on condition that “条件是”“只要.”4、in case既可引导目的状，又可引导条件状=”if it happened that”5、providing, provided that, suppsing, suppose (that),given (that) “如果，只要”七、方式状语从句1、as, just as “如”“正如一样”Do just as you like.2、as if, as though （虚拟语气）八、比较状语从句1、asas,the same as. 否定句用not so/asas, not the same as从句中常用省略句: eg:He runs as fast as he can.2、than3、the morethe more“越越”九、让步状语从句1、 although,though.句中不出现but，可出现still, yet（副词）though的位置较灵活，可倒装Though he works hard, he makes little progress.Hard as he works, he makes little progress.Though he is a child, he knew practice makes perfect.Child as he is, he knew practice makes perfect.2、even if,even though即使 、虽然even if表主观，时态往往用于将来，even though通常表客观上的，往往表过去事实Even if he is poor, she loves him.Even though he is poor, she loves him.3、 no matter wh只用于让步状语从句wh.ever 让步状从/名词性从句Whatever(No matter what) you say, I wont believe you.Ill eat whatever you give me.定语从句I 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分（即从句缺少成分）。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1） who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。II. 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语（从句不缺成分）1） 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如：I will never forget the day when I met her. 我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？辨别that与which用法：1）只能用which不能用that引导的定语从句：a） 引导非限定性定语从句时（即有逗号隔开） b）介词后不能用that,只能用which.We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2）只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导；This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被序数词修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导；The children like the second Lesson that is about “The Football March”.定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被the only，the very或the same修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导；1) It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.2) This is the same bicycle (that) I lost.定语从句修饰的词同时又被不定代词，如：all，any，no，every，little，many或much等修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导；Here is all the money (that) I have.定语从句修饰词为everything，something，anything，nothing，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用that引导。但something前有the时，定语从句可由which引出。I want everything (that) I want.定语从句修饰的词中同时含有“人”和“物”的名词时，定语从句只能用that引导：I can remember well the persons and some picture (that) I see in the room.定语从句修饰的词为one, ones时，定语从句用that引导：Is it the one (that) you want?当主句的主语是疑问词 who或 which来提问时，为了避免重复，用that引导定语从句：Who is the girl that won the first place?宾语从句一、 引导词：(1)由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略.(2)由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。但注意在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例： I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)二、宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.三、宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:1)She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already.4)She says that she can sing a song in English. She said that she could sing a song in English.如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.Could you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。例：I dont know what I should do next.I dont know what to do next.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.表语从句表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句， 例如： The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分， 不能省略)That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) (1)“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义(2)“That is because. 这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因) 同位语从句一般来说，在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, r