名词性从句讲解及练习.doc

一、名词性从句1.在整个句子中所起的作用相当于一个名词的句子叫做名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，可充当主语，宾语，表语，同位语等，因此名次从句可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。2.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why 1. 二.主语从句 （作句子主语的从句叫主语从句）1.主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter. WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced2. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句，如It is a mystery to me how it all happened.此类名词有a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise （2）It + be + 形容词 + that，如It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.此类形容词有strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting;注意It is necessary / important/surprising/strange/unthinkable/unbelievable/incredible+that从句”这类主语从句结构中，从句中谓语动词常用“（should）动词原形”，形式，即要用虚拟语气,should 可省略。 如：It is necessary that a college student (should ) master one or two foreign languages. 大学生掌握一两门外语是有必要的。（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句，如It is thought that he is the best player. 类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out （4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句如：Itseems（happened/appears/doesntmatter/makesnodifference/occurred）that如：Itseemsthattheywillwinthegame.练习1.It is _ that the highway will be open to traffic nest year. A. report B. reported C. reporting D. by report2.Itisamystery_theprisonerescaped.A.whyB.howC.whatD.that3.that和what的选用 that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如：What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。 That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。4. whatever / whoever的功用 whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever,whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。如：Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.（主语从句）Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Whoeverbreaksthelaw,heshouldbepunished.（让步状语从句）Nomatterwhobreaksthelaw,heshouldbepunished.5. if和whether的选用引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：Whetherwewillholdapartyintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。巩固练习 1._what_you have done might do harm to other people. 2. _who_ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. 3. _whether_ the Games will be held in Beijing is not known. 4. It worried her a bit _that_ her hair was turning grey. 5. _that_ you dont like him is none of my business.6. _what_ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. 7. _it_ is a fact that English is accepted as an international language. 8. _what_we cant get seems better than _what_ we have. 9. _whether_ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 10. _what_ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. 11. _who/whoever/anyone who_ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.三. 宾语从句宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如： He said （that） he wanted to stay at home. She doesnt know （that）she is seriously ill. I am sure （that） he will succeed.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如： Do you know who（whom）they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I dont know why the train is late.3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如： I want to know if（whether）he lives there. He asked me whether（if）I could help him.4.注意1）. 引导词 如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。2）. 语序 陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如： He is an honest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy. 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如： Does he work hard? I wonder. I wonder if/whether he works hard. When did he leave? I dont know. I dont know when he left.3）. 时态 如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如： I have heard（that）he will come back next week. 如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如： He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.4）. 人称的变化和标点的使用 （1） 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如： “May I use your knife?” He asked me. He asked me if he might use my knife. “Do you know her telephone number?” He asked me.He asked me if I know her telephone number. （2） 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如： Who will give us a talk? I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk. Do you know? Where does he live? Do you know where he lives?5. 从句的简化 1）. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如： She found that the wallet was lying on the ground. She found the wallet lying on the ground. 2）. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如： She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths. 3）. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词不定式”结构。如： Can you tell me how I can get to the station? Can you tell me how to get to the station?练习（ D ）1. What did Mike say? He said _. A. if you are free the next week B. what colour was it C. the weather is fine D. summer comes after spring（ D ）2. Tom asked my friend _. A. where was he from B. that the earth is bigger than the moon C. when did he come back D. not to be so angry（ D ）3. Let me tell you _. A. how much is the car B. how much does the car cost C. how much did I pay for the car D. how much I spent on the car（ B ）4. Peter knew _. A. whether he has finished reading the book B. why the boy had so many questions C. there were 12 months in a year D. when they will leave for Paris（ D ）5. Could you tell me _? A. where do you live B. who you are waiting for C. who were you waiting for D. where you live in6. They dont know _ to go or wait. （if, whether）7. We are talking about _ well go back tomorrow. （whether, if）8. I was really surprised at _ I saw. （where, what）9. I dont know _ so many people are looking at him. （how, why）10. Do you know _ you are studying for? （why, what）11.He said that he _（finish）his work already.12.Our father said that he _（will）buy a new computer.13.He was glad that so many people _（help）him.三，表语从句1.表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。Eg:The problem is puzzling. 这问题令人困惑主语 连系动词 形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪.主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句2.连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.She has remained there for an hour.她曾在那里停留了一个小时。She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。2.注意：1）.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.2）.不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.3）在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.4）that在表语从句中不可以省掉。What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略)3.注意： “That is why.”是常用句型， 意为“这就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，如： That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。（1）“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why.”中why引导的是个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样， 例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。(2)“That is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这是因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如：He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因)He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果)练习1. The question is _D_ we will have our sports meet next week. A. that B. if C. when D. whether 2The reason why he failed is _B_he was too careless. A. because B. that C. for D. because of3.Goandgetyourcoat.Its_A_youleftitA.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethere4.Theproblemis_C_totaketheplaceofTedA.whocanwegetB.whatwecanget C.whowecangetD.thatwecanget5.WhatIwanttoknowis_C_helikesthegiftgivenbyus.A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.不填高考练习1IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.Isthat_A_youhadafewdaysoff？（NMET1999）A.whyB.whatC.whenD.where2.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella._B_Igotwetthrough.（1998上海）A.Itsthereason B.ThatswhyC.ThereswhyD.Itshow3.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwas_D_wedidthismorning.（06全国）A.whenB.whichC.whereD.what4. -Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterdaysgame?(2003北京春)-Oh,thats_A_.A.whatmakesmefeelexcited B.whateverIfeelexcitedaboutC.howIfeelaboutit D.whenIfeelexcited5.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_A_hesaidit.（2004湖北）A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich四. 同位语从句一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加是否的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1：I have no idea when he will be back.析：he will be back意义不完整，应加什么时候的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。例2：I have no i