不定式和动名词同步讲解和练习.doc

动词不定式一、动词不定式概念解析动词不定式由“不定式符号to + 动词原形”构成，是动词的一种非谓语的形式，即其在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有下列属性：（1）动词不定式具有动词的性质，可以有自己的宾语和状语，也可以有时态和语态的变化；（2）动词不定式也具有非动词的性质，相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。二、动词不定式的形式1. 一般式：表示的动作通常与主要的谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。to do（主动） to be done（被动）2. 进行式：表示谓语的动作或情况发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。to be doing（主动）He pretended to be reading when I came in.3. 完成式：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前。to have done （主动） to have been done（被动）Im sorry to have lost your key.It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.4. 完成进行式：表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生并一直进行着。to have been doing（主动）He was said to have been living in London for 20 years.三、动词不定式结构所充当的语法成分1. 作主语(1) 不定式短语在句中作主语To say is one thing and to do is another.To know oneself is difficult.(2) 用it作形式主语在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子结构显得平稳一些。It is important to learn English.It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.2. 作表语不定式作表语说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。His wish is to become an engineer.To live is to do something worthwhile.3. 作宾语(1) 作动词的宾语He wanted to go.Father likes to listen to music in silence.注意：在fell, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语后。 I find it interesting to study English.I think it impossible to work out the problem.(2) 作介词的宾语不定式可作介词but和except的宾语。不定式在介词but, except后面时，如果but , except之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么but, except后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。I have no choice but to go.She could do nothing but cry.The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.4. 作宾语补足语(1) 在表示感觉的动词以及使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式都不带to。变为被动语态时，原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。这类动词可以表述如下：“一感 (feel)、二听 (hear, listen to )、三让 (let, have, make )、四观看 (see, observe, watch, look at)”。 I often hear him sing the song.Did you see him go out?She made him give up smoking.Let him do whatever he wishes to do.(2) 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语, 这时不定式通常是“to be +形容词或名词”的结构。这类动词有：consider, think, believe, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。 consider, think, find后的to be常可省略。We consider him (to be) a good teacher.I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.5. 作定语不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间可以是主谓（主动）关系、动宾关系、同位关系。The next train to arrive was from New York. (the next train与arrive间是_关系)He has a lot of letters to write. (to write与a lot of letters之间是_关系)She has a child to take care of. (to take care of与a child之间是_关系)He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. (his promise与to write to his parents之间是_关系)四、动词不定式的特殊用法1. 用作独立结构有一些不定式短语并不做句中成分，是说话人心理态度的表露（语法将之称为独立结构）。如：To be honest, we are not sure to work out the problem.To be frank, I dont agree with you.这类动词不定式有：to tell you truth（说老实话）、to begin with（首先）、to say nothing of（姑且不说）、to be sure（诚然，固然）、to make a long story short（长话短说）、to be brief（简言之）、to conclude（总而言之）。2.“疑问词+不定式”结构疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why 后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中作主语、宾语和表语。How to solve the problem is very important.（主语）He didnt know what to say. （宾语）My question is when to start.（表语）3. “It is+形容词+for/of sb.+不定式” 结构(1) 在“It is + 形容词 + of sb. + 不定式”的结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如：kind, silly, good, clever, wrong, right, foolish, careless, impolite, honest, bad等。It is kind of you to think so much of me. (You are kind.)It is foolish of you to say that. (You are foolish.) (2) 在“It is + 形容词 + for sb. + 不定式”的结构中，形容词往往表示事物的性质,如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。It is necessary for you to complete the program on time. (Sth. is necessary.)It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits. (Sth. is hard.)五、动词不定式中to的省略1. 在had better, had best, would rather, would ratherthan, would sooner, cannot but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not+动词原形”。Youd better listen to your teachers opinion.He cannot but move to another street.We cannot help but admire his courage.He always prefers to ride a bicycle rather than ride on a crowded bus. 2. 两个不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting?3. Why do? 一般表责备；Why not do .？一般表建议。如：Why make so much noise? Why not have a rest? 六、动词不定式中to的保留为了避免重复上文中出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号to来代替上文中出现过的不定式结构。(1) 在助动词或情态动词之后，如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等;She must go, but you dont have to (go).He doesnt like fish but he used to (like).(2) 在want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后;You may go with them if you hope to (go). Did you go to see the Great Wall? I wanted to (go), but I was too busy.(3) 在ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow等动词之后用作宾补的不定式：:Dont do anything unless your father tells you to (do). May I use your car? No, I dont allow you to (use).(4) 在对话答语中的happy, glad, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。 Will you lend me a hand? Im willing to (lend you a hand). Would you come to my birthday party tomorrow? Ill be glad to (come). 动名词一、动名词的形式 主动形式 被动形式一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done1. 动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作（即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作）或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作，如：They are all interested in climbing mountains.He took a great delight in helping others.2. 动名词的完成形式表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，如：He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.I dont remember having ever promised you that.3. 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，如：This question is far from being settled.He did it without being asked.They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.He didnt mind being left at home.They couldnt stand being treated like that.注意：若动名词表示的动作在谓语动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式，如：I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.二、动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构：（1）有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语；（2）有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。如：She wont hear of our leaving the village.Do you object to Li Pings joining the physics group? 三、动名词所担当的语法成分1. 动名词作主语动名词作主语往往表示抽象、笼统的动作或泛指某动作或行为。如：Getting up early is a good habit.Fishing is Toms favorite hobby.Crying over spilt milk is no use.Arguing with him is a waste of time.注意：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如：Its no use crying over spilt milk. (抽象)He realized that to go on like this was no use. (具体)但是，在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换：（1）当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式： Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.（2）动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替：Its no use doing Its no use going there today; he wont be at home.Its no good doingIts no good smoking so much every day.Its a waste of time doing Its a waste of time arguing about it.而在Its important / Its necessary / Its advisable / Its essential / Its fitting 这类句型中，只能用不定式，如：Its important to learn foreign languages.Its quite necessary to read it many times.2. 动名词作宾语She sat there without speaking.David is interested in driving.Do you mind turning on the TV?Betty enjoys listening to pop music.（1）能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类：一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有：avoid, admit, consider, delay, advise, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, mind等，如：Mary is considering changing her job.I enjoy working with you.Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow?另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want, need, cant afford等。 （2）在need, want, deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如：The door needs oiling / to be oiled.（3）有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：I forgot to close the door before I left the room.（门未关上）I forgot having closed the door.（门已关上）He tried to write better.（尽量努力地写）He tried writing with a brush.（用毛笔试着写）I couldnt help finishing it.（不能不结束某事）I couldnt help to finish it.（不能帮助结束某事）They left off fishing.（停止钓鱼）They left off t