高中英语基础知识 句子成分的讲解素材.doc

英语基础知识 句子成分的讲解目标要求1、了解句子的基本成分：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语；2、了解和运用五种基本句型：s v (主+谓)、s v p (主+系+表)、s v o (主+谓+宾)、s v o o (主+谓+间宾+直宾）、s v o c (主+谓+宾+宾补)；3、了解和熟练运用几种类型的英语句子：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句 、简单句、并列句和复合句。一、 句子成分 知识要点句子成分，即句子的组成成分。 在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语，而英语的基本成分则有七种：主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)。 疑难突破1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。例如：he likes dancing. (代词)the sun rises in the east. (名词)twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)seeing is believing. (动名词)to see is to believe. (不定式)what he needs is a book. (主语从句)it is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(it形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)2. 谓语（predicate）：说明主语的动作、状态和特征。例如：you study english.she is asleep.3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。例如：he is a teacher. (名词)seventy-four! you dont look it. (代词)five and five is ten. (数词)he is asleep. (形容词)his father is in. (副词)the picture is on the wall. (介词短语)my watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)to wear a flower is to say “im poor, i cant buy a ring. ” (不定式)the question is whether they will come. (表语从句)注意：常见的系动词有: be, sound (听起来)， look(看起来)， feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来), remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感觉)等。例如：it sounds a good idea. tom looks thin.the food smells delicious.the food tastes good.the door remains open.now i feel tired.3. 宾语（1）动作的承受者动宾 例如：1）i like china. (名词) 2）he hates you. (代词)3）how many do you need? we need two. (数词)4）we should help the old and the poor.5）i enjoy working with you. (动名词)6）i hope to see you again. (不定式)7）did you write down what he said? (宾语从句)（2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾1）are you afraid of the snake?2）under the snow, there are many rocks.（3） 双宾语间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)。 例如：1）she gave me a book yesterday.2）give the poor man some money.4. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。例如：we elected him monitor. (名词)we all think it a pity that she didnt come here. (名)we will make them happy. (形容词)we found nobody in. (副词)please make yourself at home. (介词短语)dont let him do that. (省to的不定式)his father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)dont keep the lights burning. (现在分词)ill have my bike repaired. (过去分词)5. 主补：对主语的补充。例如：he was elected monitor.（名词）she was found singing in the next room.（现在分词）he was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （不定式）6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。例如：tom is a chemistry teacher.(名词)he is our friend. (代词)we belong to the third world. (数词)he was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)the man over there is my old friend.(副词)the woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词短语)the boys playing football are in cla2. (现在分词短语)the trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词短语)i have an idea to do it well. (不定式)you should do everything that i do. (定语从句)7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。例如：(以下例句按上述顺序排列)she will go there tomorrow.the meeting will be held in the meeting room.the meat went bad because of the hot weather.he studies hard to learn english well.he didnt study hard so that