高分子化学常见名词.doc

高分子化学常见名词（中英文）Side groups All the carbon based polymers you will find mentioned on this site have the structure -C-C-C-C-C-C- etc. Anything hanging off that centre chain that is not a hydrogen atom is a side group. 侧基：任何悬挂在高分子主链上的非氢原子均称为侧基。Functional Group An atom or group of atoms that has similar chemical behavior, no matter what the rest of the molecule looks like. For example, the hydroxy (OH) group in all alcohols has similar reactivity, as does the thio (SH) group in all thiols. 官能团：分子中存在的一部分原子、原子团或特征结构，容易发生体现分子主要性质的某些特征反应，因此称它们为官能团。Hydrogen bond The strongest attraction between two dipoles is when one or both of them involves a bond between hydrogen and a strongly electronegative atom, like oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen. Because hydrogen only has one electron, if it forms a bond with an element that is very keen to grab an electron, it becomes much more positive than an element that has plenty of other electrons left to hang around the positively charged nucleus. Dipole-dipole interactions between these sort of molecules (like water H2O, ammonia NH3, hydrofluoric acid HF) are so much stronger than ordinary dipole-dipole bonds that we give them the special name of hydrogen bonds. 氢键：氢键是极性很强的XH键上的氢原子与另外一个键上电负性很大的原子上的孤对电子相互吸引而形成的一种键。氢键作用力比一般的偶极间相互作用力大。氢键具有饱和性和方向性。Monomer Any small molecule that can undergo a reaction in which it is incorporated into a large molecule containing many similar units. Common monomers are vinyl acetate, styrene, butadiene and vinyl chloride. (Yes, it is appropriate to consider hydrocarbons as polymers of methylene!) 单体:能够发生反应生成大分子的小分子物质，最常用的单体如：醋酸乙烯，苯乙烯，丁二烯，氯化乙烯等。（习惯上称亚甲基聚合物为碳氢化合物）Polymer A large molecule (molecular weight 10 000 or greater) composed of many smaller molecules (monomer) covalently bonded together. Some of us think they are much better than any of those little molecules, but the other chemists are always telling us size doesnt matter. 聚合物：由许多小分子（单体）通过共价键连接而成的大分子物质（分子量大于1万）。Polymerisation The process in which many small molecules (molecular weight 100) are joined together to form a few, much larger molecules (molecular weight 10 000 - 10 000 000). The two ways in which this happens are chain-growth and step-growth polymerisation. 聚合：许多小分子物质（分子量约为100）连接在一起生成高分子（分子量为104107）的过程。主要有连锁聚合和逐步聚合两大类。Free Radical A member of the socialist party not caught by McCarthys inquisition. Also a molecule which has an odd number of electrons. The unpaired electron feels lonely and wants to find a friend. If it finds something that might be willing to give it an electron it reacts very quickly with it. Molecules such as other radicals and alkenes turn out to be good things for radicals to attack. The reaction of radicals with the double bonds in alkenes is how some of us earn our living. 自由基：化合物中共价键发生均裂时，共价键上两个电子分属于两个基团，这种带独电子的基团呈中性。Radical Chain PolymrizationChain polymerization is initiated by a reactive species R* produced from some compound I termed an initiator. The reactive species, which may be a free-radical, adds to a monomer molecule by opening the p-bond to form a new radical. The process is repeated as many more monomer molecules are successively added to continuously propagate the reactive center. Polymer growth is terminated at some point by destruction of the reactive center by an appropriate reaction depending on the type of reactive center and the particular reaction conditions.自由基聚合：由一种称为引发剂的化合物产生的反应种所引发的链式聚合。这个带有自由基的反应种通过打开双键加入到单体分子上，从而形成新的自由基。这个过程不断重复，更多的单体连续地加入到反应中心上，形成大的自由基反应中心。当一种破坏反应中心的反应发生时，聚合物增长被终止，这将依赖于反应中心的类型和特定的反应条件。Addition Polymerisation Also known as chain-growth polymerisation. The mechanism in which large numbers of usually identical small molecules are joined together to rapidly form a single large molecule. This involves the addition of reactive centre (anion, cation, or unpaired electron) to a multiple bond to form a new bond and a new reactive centre - which reacts with another multiple bond, et cetera. The finished chain then hangs around without reacting while more of the starting material reacts to form new polymer chains. 加成聚合：又称为连锁聚合。聚合机理是，大量的小分子快速地连接在一起形成一个大分子。反应中心（阴离子、阴离子和不成对电子）加成到单体的双键中生成新的键和新的反应中心，之后再与另一个单体反应，以此持续反应下去。当不再反应时，链的增长停止，同时新的反应开始，生成新的聚合物链。Initiator A compound required to start a chain reaction, such as free-radical polymerisation. Unlike a catalyst, it is consumed in the reaction, but only a small quantity is normally required since one molecule of initiator can initiate the reaction of many other molecules. 引发剂：能够引起连锁反应（如自由基聚合）的化合物。与催化剂不同，引发剂在反应中能被消耗掉，但是一般只需要少量的引发剂，因为一个引发剂分子能够引发许多单体分子的反应。Benzoyl Peroxide A common initiator used to start chain growth polymerisation. It undergoes a decomposition reaction at the peroxide (O-O) bond. Here is a picture:过氧化二苯甲酰（BPO）：用于引发链增长聚合的常用过氧类引发剂，引发时过氧键(OO)断裂分解。其结构式如下图所示:Initiator EffciencyThe initiator efficiency f is defined as the fraction of the radicals formed in the primary step of initiator decomposition, which are successful in initiating polymerization. The initiator efficiency is considered exclusive of any initiator wastage by induced decomposition.引发剂效率：引发剂效率定义为引发剂最初分解形成自由基，并成功引发聚合反应的分数。引发剂效率不包括因诱导分解所浪费的引发剂。Chain TransferA growing polymer is terminated by the transferred of a hydrogen or other atom or species to it from some compound present in the system-the monomer, initiator, or solvent, as the case may be. These radical displacement reactions are chain-transfer reactions.链转移：氢、其它原子或反应种转移到反应体系的化合物中（单体、引发剂或溶剂），从而导致聚合物增长终止，这种情况称为链转移。这种自由基转移的反应称为链转移反应。Kinetic Chain LengthThe kinetic chain length n of a radical chain polymerization is defined as the average number of monomer molecules consumed (polymerized) per each radical, which initiates a polymer chain. This quantity will obviously be given by the ratio of the polymerization rate to the initiation rate or to the termination rate, since the latter two rates are equal.动力学链长：自由基聚合物的动力学链长n定义为每个引发聚合的自由基所消耗的单体分子的平均数。它等于聚合速率与引发速率（或终止速率）的比值，因为引发速率与终止速率相等。Polydispersity IndexThe ratio is also referred to as the polydipersity index.多分散指数：是指（重均/数均）的比值。Ceiling Temperature Above a certain temperature, monomers can no longer be persuaded to form polymers by chain polymerisation. This occurs when the loss in entropy arising from joining many molecules into one outweighs the energetic benefit of converting double bonds to single bonds. A chain-growth polymer raised above the ceiling temperature will degrade, or depolymerise. 聚合上限温度：单体聚合时，当聚合和解聚处于平衡状态，这时的聚合温度称为聚合上限温度。当反应温度高于聚合上限温度时，聚合物会解聚成小分子单体。Solution PolymerizationSolution polymerization is carried out by dissolving the monomer in a solvent. The solvent acts as diluent and aids in the transfer of the heat of polymerization. The solvent also allows easier stirring, since the viscosity of the reaction mixture is decreased. Thermal control is much easier in solution polymerization compared to bulk polymerization. 溶液聚合：溶液聚合是将单体溶解在溶剂中来实现的。溶剂起到稀释的作用，有利于聚合反应热的传递，同时由于溶剂使反应混合物的粘度降低，使得搅拌较为容易。与本体聚合相比，在溶液聚合中对反应热的控制比较容易。Suspension PolymerizationSuspension polymerization is carried out by suspending the monomer (discontinuous phase) as droplets (50-500mm in diameter) in water. The water: monomer weight ratio varies from 1:1 to 4:1 in most polymerizations. The monomer droplets are prevented from coalescing by agitation and the presence of suspension stabilizer.悬浮聚合：悬浮聚合是将直径为50500毫米的单体液滴（不连续相）悬浮在水中来实现的。在大多数悬浮聚合中，水与单体的重量比为1:1到4:1。可通过搅拌和加入悬浮稳定剂来阻止单体液滴的聚集。Active Centre In chain-growth polymerisation, the highly-reactive spot on the growing polymer chain where new monomer is added. The four most common types are a free-radical (atom with an unpaired electron), carbanion (carbon-centered negative ion), carbocation (carbon-centred positive ion) or a metal complex (as in Ziegler-Natta polymerisation).活性中心：活性中心是指连锁聚合中具有高活性的反应活性点，即新单体加入到增长的聚合物链的位置。有四种最常见的活性中心类型：自由基（带有未成对电子的原子）、碳负粒子、碳阳离子鎓和金属络合物（在Ziegler-Natta聚合中使用）。Living PolymerizationLiving polymerization are polymerizations in which propagation centers do not undergo either termination of transfer. 活性聚合：活性聚合是指增长中心不会发生链终止和链转移的聚合反应。Carbocation A positively-charged chemical species where the positive charge is localised on a carbon atom. Both carbonium ions (which have three bonds to a positively charged carbon) and carbonium ions (which may have five or more bonds to a positively charged carbon) are examples of carbocations. 碳阳离子：正电荷位于碳原子上的一种正电性的化学物种，碳正离子（三个键连接在带正电的碳上）和碳鎓离子（有五个甚至更多的键连接在正电性的碳上）都属于碳阳离子。Carbonium If there are five or more bonds to a single carbon atoms, it will be short of electrons and have a positive charge - this species is called a carbonium ion, a form of carbocation. The easiest way to make one is to add a hydrogen ion (H+).阳碳（碳鎓）：如果有五个甚至更多的键连接在一个碳原子上，碳原子由于缺乏电子而带正电，这种物质称为阳碳（或碳鎓），这是碳正离子的一种。形成阳碳的最简单的办法就是加上一个氢离子。如下图所示：Comonomer A monomer that is polymerised along with one or more other monomers to make a copolymer. All the different comonomers used in a copolymerisation are incorporated into each chain. 共聚单体：能和其它一种或多种单体聚合生成共聚物的单体，称为共聚单体。在一个共聚反应中所用到的所有不同的共聚单体全都连接在每一条分子链上。Copolymer A polymer that is made up of more than one monomer unit. A copolymer has each of its comonomers in every chain. There are a number of different types of copolymer which describe the nature of the arrangement of the comonomers within the polymer chain. For the two monomer units A and B we can have:block.AAAAAABBBBBB.alternating.ABABABABAB.statistical (or random).ABAAABBABBAABBB.共聚物：由两种或两种以上的单体单元组成的高聚物称为共聚物。在一个共聚物分子链中含有各种共聚单体单元。根据聚合物链中共聚单体的排列方式，共聚物有多种类型。由两种单体组成的二元共聚物有以下几种类型：嵌段共聚：AAAAAABBBBBB交替共聚：ABABABABAB无规共聚：ABAAABBABBAABBBBranched PolymerBranched polymer molecules are those in which there are side branches of linked monomer molecules protruding from various central branch points along the main polymer chain.接枝聚合物：从聚合物主链的支化点上生长出侧链的聚合物。Monomer reactivity ratiosMonomer reactivity ratios is the ratio of the rate constant for a reactive propagating species adding its own type of monomer to the rate constant for its addition of the other monomer.单体竟聚率：是指反应增长种加成到同种单体的速率常数与它加成到其它类型单体的速率常数之比。Condensation Polymerisation Also known as Step-Growth Polymerisation. A way of making polymers in which every polymer chain grows continuously through the course of the reaction, remaining quite small until almost all the monomer has reacted. 缩合聚合：又称作逐步聚合，每一个聚合物链都是通过一个反应过程连续增长的，在这个反应过程中，聚合物的分子量是与单体的转化率成正比的。Dimer A dimer is two molecules (of the same type) bonded together. (just as monomer is one (mono) unit (mer) a dimer is two units). 二聚体：二聚体是同一类型的两个单体分子键和的产物。即，单体是一个单体单元，而二聚体是两个单体单元。PrepolymerThe prepolymer is obtained in a first step by stopping the reactionm usually by cooling, at the desired extent of conversion.预聚物：通常通过冷却终止反应，获得具有设计转化率的预聚物。Gel PointAt this point, termed the gel point, one first observes the visible formation of a gel or insoluble polymer fraction. As the polymerization and gelation proceed beyond the gel point, the amount of gel increases at the expense of the sol as more and more polymer chains in the sol are crosslinked to the gel. There is a dramatic physical change that occurs during the process of gelation.凝胶点：在凝胶点，可看到凝胶或不可溶的聚合物生成。当聚合超过凝胶点时，凝胶量增加，越来越多的聚合物链交联成凝胶。在凝胶的过程中，聚合物的物理性质发生巨大的变化。Functionality of the MonomerA monomer Af containing f functional groups per molecule. The value of f is termed the functionality of the monomer.单体的官能度：是指每个单体分子含有的官能团数。Bis-functional MonomerA bis-functional monomer is a monomer containing two functional groups per molecule.二官能度单体：是指每个分子含有两个官能团的单体。Polyfunctional MonomerA polyfunctional monomer is one with three or more functional groups per molecule.多官能度单体：是指每个分子含有三个或三个以上官能团的单体。Thermoplastic A polymer that, when heated (thermo) becomes soft and deformable (plastic). Examples are poly(styrene) and poly(ethylene) etc. 热塑性塑料：热塑性塑料是一类加热后可变软、熔融，并可加工成各种形状的制品。如聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚乙烯（PE）等。Thermoset A polymer that, when heated (thermo) does not become soft and deformable. This is usually because it is crosslinked, and the molecules comprising it cannot move past one another unless chemical bonds are actually broken - which leads to the decomposition of the polymer. Phenol-formaldehyde resin is an example. 热固性树脂：热固性树脂是加热后不会变软，不会发生形变的一种高聚物。热固性树脂通常具有分子链交联结构。如酚醛树脂、环氧树脂等。Plastic What most people think of when they think of polymers. Strictly speaking, a plastic is a polymeric material that can be molded into different shapes when heated (a thermoplastic) - this is true for most of the materials mentioned on this website, including poly(styrene), nylon66, PVC, and PET. Some misguided people say nasty things about plastic, but it wouldnt be everywhere if it wasnt (a) incredibly useful and (b) incredibly cheap.塑料：从严格意义上来讲，塑料（热塑性）是一种加热后可以浇铸成不同形状的聚合物，包括聚苯乙烯、尼龙66、PVC、PET等。Elastomer A polymer that, when deformed (stretched, twisted, spindled, mutilated, etc.) springs back into its original shape. The elastomer par excellence is lightly-crosslinked natural rubber. 弹性体：弹性体是一种发生形变（如拉伸、扭转、损坏等）后能够恢复原始形状的聚合物。性能最优异的弹性体是轻度交联的天然橡胶。FiberFibers are polymers that have very high resistance to deformation-they undergo only low elongation( 35000N/cm2) and tensile strengths (35000N/cm2). 纤维：纤维是一种具有较高抗变形能力的高聚物。其伸长率小（35000N/cm2)，抗张强度很高(35000N/cm2)。Synthetic Rubber Any synthetic polymer that mimics the properties of natural rubber. One of the earliest was ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) rubber, a copolymer containing long segments of each of those three monomers. 合成橡胶：合成橡胶的性能类似于天然橡胶的性能。最早的合成橡胶品种是ABS（丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯）橡胶。Nylon A class of polymers that is widely use in the clothing industry (amongst others). Their common feature is the presence of a -C(O)-NH- link between monomer units. This is also called a peptide bond. See Nylon 66 and Nylon 6. 尼龙：尼龙是广泛用于纤维工业的聚合物品种。其共性是单体之间形成了酰胺键。主要品种有尼龙6、尼龙66等。Nylon 6 Another form of nylon that uses only one monomer unit (not two). This monomer is difunctional with a carboxylic acid group at one end and an amine group at the other. The condensation reaction between two such molecules produces an amide bond in the same way as the synthesis of Nylon 66. The monomer used is (I think) 7-amine-1-heptanoic acid.尼龙6：尼龙6仅由一种单体己内酰胺聚合而成。也可由7氨基1庚酸自缩聚而成。Nylon 66 A polymer widely used in a fibrous form in fabrics as well as solid lumps of plastic (e.g. in chopping boards and bearings). Nylon 66 may be formed from the condensation polymerisation of 1,6-hexadiamine and 1,8-octadioic acid, although modern industrial processes have improved upon these reactions by ionising the reagents to the hexadiammonium and 1,8-octadioate ions before the reaction is undertaken. 尼龙66：尼龙66是以纤维形态广泛用于织物中的一种聚合物，尼龙66可由己二胺和己二酸缩聚而成。工业生产中是通过二元胺和二元酸的中和形成66盐的方法实现官能团的等当量比。PET Short for poly(ethylene terephthalate), a condensation polymer that is commonly used in soft-drink bottles、fibers、engineering plastics etc. It can be prepared by the reaction between ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid to give polymer and water。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）：PET是由乙二醇和对苯二甲酸通过缩聚反应而成的，反应过程中释放出副产物水。PET广泛用于软饮料瓶、纤维、工程塑料等方面。Polyester Polyesters are a class of polymer which use ester linkages (-C-O-C(O)-) to join the monomer units. Polyesters are condensation polymers. 聚酯：聚酯是一类通过酯键将单体连接起来的聚合物。聚酯是缩和聚合物。Polyolefin A polymer of olefins, molecules that have an alkene (double bond) functionality. These polymers include polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride). They are normally formed by free radical polymerisation (a form of addition polymerisation).聚烯烃：通常由具有烯烃官能团的分子经过自由基聚合而成。如聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚氯乙稀（PVC）等。Oligomer An oligomer is a molecule which is formed from a few smaller (identical) molecules joined together. Just as a monomer is one (mono) unit (mer) and a dimer is two (di) units, an oligomer i