常用句型more...than.doc

句型morethan解析主语 + be + more + 表语B + than + 表语A主语 + be + less + 表语A + than + 表语Bmorethan这一句型的常见意义为“比更”，但这一释义并非适用于所有的这一句型，其原因在于它可能表达不同的逻辑关系。因而不加区别地套用“比更”的汉语句式去翻译，译文多半不能清楚地表达它们连接的前后关系，而且容易令人费解，甚至误解。归纳起来，morethan的结构有以下三种译法：第一种译法：than 连接肯定形式的从句时，该从句译为否定句。1. The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.第二种译法：在比较的基础上表示选择关系时，可译为“与其说不如说”2. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head.第三种译法：进行同类比较时，译成“比更”3. There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter.1. 要点：虽然本句形式上是进行程度上的比较，但从句的意义是否定的，故翻译成否定句。句法分析：这是一个主从复合句，连词than 前为主句，than 后为从句。 翻译：人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行彻底变革，而一些政客口头上是很不愿意承认这一点的。2. 要点：本句可理解为，将“知识灌输”的行为与“引导和帮助”的行为进行对比，说明教学选择的是后一种行为。故翻译成“与其说不如说”时，要注意与原文的语序相反。翻译：教学与其说是把知识灌输到假定为一片空白的头脑中，不如说是对其进行引导和帮助。3. 翻译：夏天公路上的汽车比冬天多。【研英句法】考研必考语言结构和句型翻译练习2不比更，和同样不；正如不，也不 主语 + 谓语 + no more + 形容词等 + than + 被比对象主语 + 谓语 + no less + 形容词等 + than +被比对象 主语 + 谓语 + no less + 形容词等 + than +被比对象no morethan与notany more than同义，不可把它们简单地看成是 morethan的否定形式。具体地说，这一结构可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式，也可能是一种较特殊的类比形式。其翻译方法有二；请翻译下面四个句子：第一种翻译方法：表示同类否定比较时，可译为“不比更”或“同样都不”。例1. The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed.例2One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour (is).第二种翻译方法：表示比喻关系时，可译为“正如不，也不”。例1The archaeologists efforts are not directed at “proving” the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated.例2No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam.第一种翻译方法：例一. The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed.句法分析：这是一个主从复合句。主语是“The foodno better, than on any other ship”是省略了比较对象的比较状语从句，句末on which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词ship。译文：这条船上（供应的）食品并不如比利工作过的其它船上的（食品）好。（括号里的词是可以省略的。）要点：本句中 no morethan用于同类否定的比较，可译为“不如” 例二One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour (is).句法分析：这仍是一个主从复合句。One minutein time为主句，than half an hour(is)为比较状语从句。译文：迟到一分钟跟迟到半小时同样是不准时。要点：本句中no morethan仍用同类否定的比较，可译作“和同样不”。第二种翻译方法：例1The archaeologists efforts are not directed at “proving” the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated.句法分析：这也是一个主从复合结构。主语是“The archaeologists efforts are the Bible”,“thandemonstrated”为从句。译文：正如信仰上帝不能从科学上证明一样，考古学家们的努力并不是要“验证”圣经的正确性。要点：用于此种情况的no more than 和 not any more than 不能翻译为“不比更多”，因为它不是more than 的简单否定，实际上是用来把前后部分进行比较的一种用法。要把than 以后的部分翻译成否定句“正如不”，然后也用否定式译出作为全句中心信息的前半部分。这两种句型是通过曲折的方式来表达“相等”或“近似”的一种说法，故也属等比句型。例2No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam.句法分析：这又是一个主从复合句，No one can revolution 是主句，than 至句末为比较状语从句，其中that has burst the dam 为限定性定语从句，修饰先行词flood。译文：任何人都无法阻挡革命洪流，正如一个人不能拿扫帚去挡住决了堤的洪水一样。要点：翻译这类句式时要注意，这些从句形式上虽然都是肯定句，译成汉语时必须是否定句。Not so much as 与其说不如说Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(实考试题)The same as 与同样（一样）You have made the same mistake as last time.No less than (no less than)不但而且；不亚于；简直是；实在是1.China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution.2.There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.3.It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.Not so much as 与其说不如说 例. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(实考试题)译文：新学派科学家说：科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普遍的东西。句法分析：这是一个主从复合句。插入语 they say 是主句，Science moves forward, and tools是宾语从句。Not so much as 连接的是状语，as 引导的状语从句中，由于上下文清楚，主谓语都省略了，即as（science moves forward.）because of 。要点：not so much as 也可译为“与其说不如说”，它所表达的逻辑关系和more than 有相似之处，也是在比较的基础上进行判断和选择，被比较的食物也同属一个范畴。所不同的是，more than 表示前重后轻的逻辑关系，而not so much as 和less than表示前轻后重的逻辑关系，这两个结构中信息重心落在句尾，因此不必倒过来译，只须按原文的词序顺译即可。The same as 与同样（一样）例.You have made the same mistake as last time.译文：你又犯了同上次一样的错误。No less than (no less than)不但而且；不亚于；简直是；实在是例1China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution.翻译：中国始终坚持独立自主，不但在进行革命方面，而且在经济政策方面也是如此。句法分析：这是一个简单句：no less than连接两个介词短语作状语。要点：no less than连接两个并列的成分，信息重心在前，因此汉译时要倒过来翻译。例2There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.翻译：到会的有一千人之多。（有“到会人多”的含义）要点：no less than 连写时，意为“不亚于”“多达”，强调数量多。Not less than 连写时意为“不少于”，无数量多或少的含义。如：there were not less than one thousand people at the meeting. 到会的至少有一千人（没有“到会人多或人少”的含义）。例3It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.翻译：如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。要点：本句型是由no 加差比句式构成的，是通过曲折的方式来表达“相等”或“近似”的一种说法。英语中的含蓄否定所谓含蓄否定，就是指从句子的形式上看不出任何否定的迹象，但其意义却是否定的。英语中的含蓄否定主要通过词汇、语法或修辞手段来表达。 一、借助词汇手段来表达否定意义 我们知道，语言中的否定，其意义范围比逻辑上的否定要广得多。逻辑上的否定是相对肯定而言的。语言中的否定除包括逻辑否定外，还包括隐含和暗示的否定。凡表示否认、拒绝、抑制、禁止、阻碍、示否等意义的都属于否定的范围。而这些否定含义，在很多情况下无需用否定句的形式，完全可以借助词汇手段来表示。例如： We are in complete ignorance of the factors that led to the situation我们对导致这种局面的种种因素一无所知。 Toms chance for study has gone west汤姆永无学习的机会了。 A pretext was the last thing that Hastings was likely to want哈斯丁好像决不需要任何借口。 二、借助语法手段表达否定意义 表示含蓄否定的语法手段主要有以下几种： 1虚拟语气 I would certainly go if I had time 此句本身不表示否定，但其言外之意是but I have no time，是一种委婉的拒绝、自责或无可奈何。这是因为虚拟语气在表示说话人的主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况时，往往表示事实上的否定。 I meant to have called on you，but something urgent prevented me from coming hope，mean，intend，expect和be的过去式不定式的完成式，表示主语的计划或愿望没有实现或表示未曾发生过的事。 2强调句型 Its a long lane that has no turning 在这个句子中，受强调的形式上是名词lane，实际上却是修饰该名词的形容词long，意思是 there is not a long lane that has no turning（任何路都会拐弯。或：否极泰来，天无绝人之路。）含有否定意义。类似的描述性强调句还有： Its a silly fish thatis caught twice任何鱼都不会愚蠢到两次上钩。 Its a wise man that never blunders智者千虑，必有一失。 3肯定形式的if从句 肯定形式的if从句和用省略句表示的含蓄否定常用来表达惊讶、感叹、沮丧、恼怒、警告、威胁等感情色彩。例如： Ill be damned if I agree with him我决不会同意他的意见。 If ever that boy comes to his house，Sir，Ill eat my head先生，那孩子肯定不会再回来了。 Much will he care for your health！他才不会关心你的健康呢！ Catch him doing anything that is not to his own advantage！他决不会做对他不利的事！ 三、借助修辞手段表达否定意义 用修辞手段表达出来的否定大多是强烈否定。常采用的修辞手段有以下几种： 1修辞问句（rhetorical questions） What can mean more than life？ 这是个修辞问句，只起加强语气的作用，表示说话人对所说的话持否定态度，该句相当于Nothing can mean more than life 2反语（irony） You make your mother like a servant；you are a filial sonIndeed！ 该句使用了反语，即用正面的话表达反面的意思，意为：You even make your mother like a servant；you are not filial！反语的句式主要为感叹句，常见于口语中。理解这类含否定意义的句子应注意说话人的口气，有时还应根据上下文和语境来确定其暗示的意义。 A fine daughter you raised！（You did not raise a fine daughter）看你养的好闺女！（你没养个好女儿。） I like her cheek（I dont like her cheek）我可喜欢她的厚脸皮了。（她真不要脸。） 3委婉语（euphemism） There is much room for improvementin your work 此句采用了委婉法，即在对人对事进行批评，或拒绝别人的邀请、建议时，故意用含蓄婉转的话把本意暗示出来，以免伤害别人的自尊心。其本意为：You have not done your work very well 以上句子只不过是表达否定意义的特殊表现形式。认识和掌握这种语言现象，对于我们学好英语，正确理解与互译英汉两种语言大有好处。 not .because句型的用法They did not come to the hospital because they wanted to see me. 第一眼看上去，你肯定会说：这还不容易。他们没有到医院来，因为他们想来看我。仔细想想，为什么他们想来看我，却又不到医院来呢？如果说我不是住在医院里，那为什么要说come to ？应该说go to才对。是不是逻辑上有点自相矛盾?其实此句是一种特殊结构，其中not 的是用以否定because所引导的状语从句。我们把not搬回它的老家，放在because之前，就可以正确的翻译这个句子了，应该是他们到医院来，不是因为要看我（而是为了其他原因）。 下面再举几个例子： The motor did not stop running because the fuel was finished. 摩托车停止转动，不是因为燃料用完。（而是因为其它毛病） These rings are not valued because they are set with precious stones. 这些指环的价值并不在于它们镶有宝石。 但我们不能把所有的not .because句子都看作是特殊结构，例如： He did not come to the studio this morning because he was sick. 今早他没有来片场，因为他病了。 这里的not是说明come，不是修饰because。如译为：他今早没来片场并不是因为他生病（而是为了其他的原因）。显而易见，这样的理解和翻译是错误而且不通的。 也许你会问：我们怎么知道它是普通结构还是特殊结构呢？ 判断的依据不外乎下列几种： （一）逻辑推理； （二）文章的内容和上下文； （三）语感； （四）词典。 在这四种辨别句型的依据中，最为常用的是第一种，即逻辑推理。如果把普通结构作为特殊结构去处理，翻译出来的译文是文理不通或毫无意义的，反之亦然。 但是，在个别场合下，依靠逻辑推理是不能解决问题的，请看下例： I did not write that letter because of what you told me. 此句既可看作普通结构，理解为： I refrained from writing that letter because of what you told me. 由于你跟我说了，所以我没有写那封信。 也可以把这一句看作特殊结构，理解为： It was not because of what you told me that I wrote that letter. 并不是因为你跟我说了，我才写那封信的The apple of my eyeOriginally meaning the central aperture of the eye. Figuratively it is something, or more usually someone, cherished above others. OriginThe apple of my eye is exceedingly old and first appears in Old English in a work attributed to King Aelfred (the Great) of Wessex, AD 885, entitled Gregorys Pastoral Care. Shakespeare used the phrase in A Midsummer Nights Dream, 1600: Flower of this purple dye,Hit with Cupids archery,Sink in apple of his eyeIt also appears several times in the Bible, for example, Deuteronomy 32:10 (King James Version, 1611) He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye.and Zechariah 2:8:For thus saith the LORD of hosts; After the glory hath he sent me unto the nations which spoiled you: for he that toucheth you toucheth the apple of his eye.The phrase was known from those early sources but became more widely used in the general population when Sir Walter Scott included it in the popular novel Old Mortality, 1816:Poor Richard was to me as an eldest son, the apple of my eye.Telephone CoutesyKathy and David, a couple from the US, signed a one-year contract to work in China. Both were extroverted and soon made some Chinese friends. Before long, people started calling them at home. David was sometimes away on business trips for a few days, and if someone looked for him, Kathy often would find the conversation awkward. Where did he go? The caller typically would ask. Can I pass on any message? Kathy asked politely, trying to avoid the question. Is he out of town? The caller was usually very persistent. Yes, can 1 help you in any way? Kathy tried to be polite but she could not help feeling uncomfortable.Chinese Perspective When someone calls a person who is not home, Where is he/she or Where did he/she go are natural questions. The caller may not necessarily be interested in finding out exactly where the person is, the questions are asked simply as a way to carry on the phone conversation before hanging up. The notion that information about ones daily actions should be private and not generally shared with just anyone is still an alien notion to many Chinese.North American Perspective Questions about where someone went or if he/she is out of town are not just seen as rude, they are threatening. North Americans live in a society where violence is too common. A woman would never admit to a stranger on the phone that her husband is out of town for several days. Such an admission could make her vulnerable to an attack. A persons movements and schedule, especially at home, are considered private and most North Americans would never share that information with an unknown caller. Questions on details about someones personal movements are simply not something another person, especially an apparent stranger, is entitled to ask. If the caller had to speak with David before a certain date or time, that person could say so by stating something like, Yes. Id like to leave a message, and could indicate the date before which he/she needs to talk with David. Achilles heelAn Achilles heel is a deadly weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or potentially lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, metaphorical references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die in battle from an arrow in the foot. Naturally, his mother Thetis did not want Achilles to die. So she took Achilles to the River Styx which was supposed to offer powers of invincibility and dipped his body into the water. But as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. But one day, an arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him instantly. Yet Achilles is remembered as one of the greatest fighters who ever