十八大报告要点解读.doc

The Analysis of the Humanitarianism in A Christmas CarolZhao Chengcheng(Class1, 2009, Foreign Language School, Qingdao Agricultural University)Abstract: Charles Dickens is the outstanding realistic novelist in the 19th century. A Christmas carol is the masterpiece of Dickens which has fully reflected his humanitarianism. This thesis mainly analyzes the humanitarianism reflected in A Christmas carol and the impact of Charles Dickens humanitarianism. This thesis analyzes Charles Dickens humanitarianism from three aspects: the core of humanitarianismlove, influence of external, using love against evil things. Meanwhile it analyzes the impact of Dickens humanitarianism on the future generation. Finally, we come to the conclusion that humanitarianism is necessary for a society to live harmoniously. Love, instead of money, is the highest treasure in the world. Keywords: Dickens; humanitarianism; love; impact分析圣诞欢歌中的人道主义精神摘要：查尔斯狄更斯是十九世纪杰出的现实主义小说家。圣诞欢歌是狄更斯的代表作，充分体现了作者的人道主义精神。本文主要分析了狄更斯的这部作品中所体现的人道主义精神以及他的人道主义思想对后世的影响。本文将从三个方面来进行分析：人道主义的核心仁爱，外在的感化，以善抗恶。同时此文也将分析狄更斯的人道主义思想对后世的影响。最后得出结论，人道主义是社会生存与和谐所必需的，仁爱终将感化邪恶，战胜邪恶，仁爱才是世上最大的财富而不是金钱。关键词：狄更斯，人道主义，仁爱；影响1. IntroductionCharles Dickens is widely considered the greatest novelist of the Victorian age. Dickenss works are always characterized by attacks on cruelty, moral indifference and social evils. Dickenss works are mainly promoting humanistic ideals. Humanitarianism begins from the Renaissance and start from humanity, then the humanitarians set up their ideological system and it bases on the abstract and universal humanity. Humanity is the main point and start point of Dickens humanitarianism. He emphasizes the “love” is the most important points of his capitalist humanitarianism and firmly believe that its powerful function to solve the social problem and eliminate the class contradiction. He opposed the class exploitation and oppression. He dreams on using the morality to educate the society and then influence the villain. We can analyze his humanitarianism according to one of his famous worksA Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol was published in 1843 which aroused extensive attention. It is generally accepted that Dickens creates the modern Christmas and make whole society know the real meaning of Christmas, thats the reason why this book so famous. This book mainly narrates a story about how a miser changes to a generous man and deeply aware of his evildoing. The main character Scrooge as typical of the capitalist who is shrewd in money matters everyday. He just knows save money in his lifetime, cheat workers out of cash indifferently. He rejects his nephews greeting, gives nothing to the poor man. However, three spirits appears in his dream and takes him to the past, present and future time. It frees him from the chains which made by himself and Scrooge realized the real meaning of life. A Christmas Carol embodies the humanitarianism of Dickens clearly and it arouses the spirit of Christmas in peoples mind. The core of this novel is “love”; Dickens portrays some typical characters that embody his view such as Scrooges nephew, the clerk, and the little kind kids. At the same time, it expresses authors great anger to capitalism, sympathized with the working-class and underclass. And then the novel advocate that human beings should use love and kindness to solve the real problems, use humanity instead of cruelty to harmonize the contradiction, popularize the education and improve our society. A Christmas Carol became one of the most favorite novels since the Victorian age. Humanitarianism of Dickens exerted a far-reaching impact on the later age. 2. Humanitarianism Reflected in A Christmas CarolDickenss humanitarianism formed in the Victorian age and had great influence on the literature of later ages. Zhao YanQiu divided Dickenss morals into three levels: the core is love and kind, the middle is brave, honest, and selfless, the surface level is the cultivation and attitude. This partition provides highly reference value for us to analyze the Dickens humanitarianism(张之燕， 2008:10). Dickens humanitarianism is sentimental. Most of his works are characterized by the deep sympathy for the people living at the bottom of society and mercy to the poor mans destiny. In A Christmas Carol, Dickens humanitarianism is embodied in Scrooges family and clerks family, the typical poor family during the Victorian society. Humanitarianism reflected in A Christmas Carol from three aspects: the core of novellove, the influence of external and using love to against the evil things.2.1 Embodiment of the “Love” Thought2.1.1 Criticism of the Social Reality and Sympathy for the Lower ClassAs a critical realism writer, Dickens focuses on the important social problem. On the one hand, his work exposes the social reality and expresses the profound social significance. Through a detailed description of miserable life of Bobs family and the sad life of children the author shows the current situation of society. Scrooges ugly face of capitalism was hated by all of the people. Dickens using humor and sarcasm to describe the misery of the lower-class people, his works removes the hypocrisy of the capitalism and brings the ugly face of capitalist society to the public. On Christmas eve, two gentlemen came to the Scrooges office to raise money. But Scrooge refuted them. Scrooge replied. “Nothing! I dont have a merry Christmas myself, and I wont pay for other people to be merry. We all have to pay for prisons and workhousesthey cost enough. The poor will have to go there.” (Charles Dickens, 2006:10) Scrooge refuted two gentlemen and let the poor man to die. He thought that it is a good thing if some of the poor man dies; all of these were none of his business. The words that Scrooge said reflect the hideous face of capitalism and these words also express the cold-blooded of the main characterScrooge. Author use his hatred to Scrooge to expresses his hatred to the society in Victoria age and shows his prominent love to the underclass, especially to the poor children. Dickens humanitarianism distinct reflects the criticism to the social reality. Dickens use vivid language to portray a typical miser image and reflects the ugly face of the capitalism society. The reality of society is hypocrisy and indifference. Dickens tries to do something to correct the situation and awaken the spiritual consciousness and purify the soul. His words strongly condemned the evil indeed of the capitalist society.On the other hand, Dickens is sympathy with the people who lives in the bottom of society. The description of the lower class in A Christmas Carol is filling with compassion. Dickens is sympathy with the miserable fate of the bottom. He uses vivid language to describe the tragic circumstance of the clerks family and express the active optimism of the poor man. Dickenss sympathy reflected in he gives love to the lower class. At the end of the novel, Scrooge had changed completely. Scrooges changing reverses the fate of the bottom class directly. Scrooge leant his lesson from the spirits. On Christmas day, Scrooge awakened to the truth. He brought the biggest turkey and sent it to the clerks family. Scrooge went to his nephews home and shared the holiday happiness with his relatives. “A merry Christmas, Bob than Ive given you for a long time. Im going to pay you well, and help you with your family, and well discuss it all this afternoon over a Christmas drink, Bob! Put more wood on the fire at once, Bob Cratchit, and lets be comfortable!” (Charles Dickens, 2006:88)Scrooge also paid double salary to Bob and gave him a happy holiday. All these prescriptions express his sympathy for the lower class. It is a representation of simple humanitarian spirit. He considers that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil. The kind hearted people would change their miserable destiny and get a fair. He advocates love and humanism, criticizes the immoral and the evil of the bourgeois society. Dickens gives readers a happy ending. In his view, no matter whoever you are, wherever you are, you will finally get your own happiness as long as you keep love in mind and remain loyal(张之燕,2008:14-15).2.1.2 Sympathy for the Miserable Life of ChildrenIn his lifetime, Charles Dickens used his pen to mould many typical miserable children characters in his works. Because of Dickenss miserable childhood experience, he sublimated his tragic fate to the sympathy for children. Dickenss miserable childhood break his heart permanent. When Dickens was very young he was happy and carefree everyday, but later when his father went to jail his life was full of distress and misery. All these experiences were significant helpful to his creation and to the formation of his innovate and dauntless idea. Dickens inner mind is represented by his great attention to the children characters. It embodies his humanitarianism correctly, precisely and directly. The children characters in Dickenss works shaped by him are always faithful, kindhearted and like sage. And Dickens thinks that children are the truest representative of humanitarianism. His childs character owes always keeping faithful, pure and love. In A Christmas Carol, the most typical miserable children character is the tiny Tim. The novel describes tiny Tim like that “Poor tiny Tim had not walked since he was born, and although he could pull himself and his thin legs along with the help of a wooden crutch, he was not strong enough to travel far alone.” (Charles Dickens, 2006:44) Tim is really a kind child. He believes that God bless every one in the world, No matter what they do, how bad they are. Love must be universal, especially to those who hurt us. The kindness of tiny Tim moved Scrooge very much. As Scrooge and spirit disappear in the light of the spirits torch, Scrooge cannot take his eyes off them, especially Tiny Tim. At last author gave readers a happy ending, let clerks family have their first happy holiday and the whole family get together. When “the weak” was driven into a corner, author always arrange a philanthropist appears even make the villain came to realize the truth. The sudden change of plot brings a happy ending really reflects Dickenss subjective wishes of humanitarianism. Dickens always pay great attention to “a small potato” like little tiny, Scrooges nephew. It is undoubted that Dickens is a writer who deep sympathy with the oppressed people. He once appealed to the upper class: the living situation of the lower class is very terrible. It is dangerous to break out the resistance, from another prospective; it is also very dangerous to those people who dominated others fate. (殷爱平，2012:14)These characters are not only true to life but also larger than life. They show the lower classes miserable situation with deep sympathy and indignation, especially children. And he has fashioned his characters that are innocent, tragic, helpless like Scrooges nephew, tiny Tim, clerk Bob. These children characters show the writers steadfast belief of human nature and beautiful idea. Through the descriptions of the children characters, Charles Dickens harshly criticized the bourgeois society, and at the same time showed deep sympathy with the benevolent. It also showed the innocent and painful of the poor. In his works, the justice finally would surpass the evil, and the truth would conquer the false and the kind hearted people would change their miserable destiny and get a fair. If William Shakespeares humanism is aim to liberate peoples minds from the feudal bondage, Charles Dickens is devote himself to relieve people from the exploit by the bourgeoisie (王娜，2011:02).2.1.3 Belief in the Idealism Interpersonal RelationshipAlong with the publication of a series of Christmas Books, Dickens becomes one of the most favorite writers in the Victoria age. He let people recognize the true meaning of Christmas spirit. He also reflects the “love” thought through the idealism interpersonal relationship. Charles Dickens took his pen as his weapon to reveal the brutal act of the members of the upper classes and showed the beastly behaviors they did to those people at the bottom. In A Christmas Carol, author portrays an idealism relationship between Scrooge and his clerks family. Scrooge even moved by kind people and then awakened to the truth. He decided to turn over a new leaf. At the beginning, Scrooge is a hard, clever, mean old man. There is nothing warm about him. He lives a secretive, lonely life, and takes no interest in other people at all. He thinks Christmas is humbug and a time when you spend too much, But then he changes to a kind-hearted, philanthropicminde people. We can see that the thought of young novelist is naive with his lively strokes and the optimistic tone. His thought advocates harmonies interpersonal relationship. Britain novelist says when he talks about The Pickwick Papers: strictly, Dickens did not create a kind of literature, but a kind of myth. It based on the brief of Dickens which advocates idealism interpersonal relationship. He advocates the justice and humanity and he is a capitalistic idealist. He expects that the society in that stage will become much better and he considers that only love and humanism can guide people to the lightness.As everyone knows, Dickens has living outside the country many years. His work is poignant; he knows the seamy side of capitalist society and pursuit of money through his heightened awareness. Dickenss work reflects that he pay more attention to the essence of ruthless bourgeoisie. There is no doubt that it is the result of myth. (殷爱平,2002:14).There is another idealism interpersonal relationship between Scrooge and his nephew. On Christmas Eve, Scrooges nephew came to invite his uncle to share the wonderful festival. But his uncle rejected him and kicked him out four times. The little nephew left without any angry, he still hope to invite his uncle come to their home every year if he likes. At last, Scrooges nephew forgave his uncle. How kind is the little nephew. He shows us how to treat the evil kindly. After the Scrooge wakens to the truth, he realizes the real meaning of life and love is the highest treasure in the world instead of money.Dickens hopes the world change to be a new sights and the capitalism take on a new look. Cartons prophetic vision of “a fair city”“a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss” echoes the prophetic writing of Blake，Coleridge，and Wordsworth，who also not agree with the bloody revolutionIt based on the brief of Dickens which advocates idealism interpersonal relationship. He advocates the justice and humanity as a capitalistic idealist. Dickens hopes that people forgive each other, love each other. Poor man should not lose their dignity and rich man should be merciful to the bottom class of society. We can say that the core of Dickenss humanitarianism is “love”, this thought throughout his literature works. He expects that our society will become better and he believes someday we can achieve the idealism interpersonal relationship(殷爱平，2002:15).Britain novelist thought Dickens did not create a kind of literature, but a kind of myth (John O.Jordan, 2004:68). 2.2 Advocation of the External Influence and Using Love against Evil Dickens humanitarianism emphasizes the external influence instead of the inner struggle and wake up to reality. His thought is heteronomy, not autonomy. There always have several kind men like sage in Dickens novel. They seem to bathe themselves in Gods glory, and disseminate the beauty and love. They all perfect as the God. Some people refer to it as a belief and make use of the belief to repent. We rarely to see the confrontation in their inner mind and most of their change was caused by the external influence. Most of his works are characterized by the deep sympathy for the people living at the bottom of society and mercy to the poor mans destiny. Their behavior changed him. Different from Dostoevsky, Dickens believes that the majority of people really are inherently good. Most evil people changed by the environment. He teaches his son: “My dear son! Never be ruthless and arrogant to any poor people. Theyre dreadful, because their friends are not kind-hearted. They would be kind if their friends are kind. Thinking about how the Jesus teach them when you heard someone tale about the poor man and suffering man. ” Therere four people influenced Scrooge most in A Christmas Carol. Firstly thanks to three ghosts who appearance on Christmas Eve. Actually the ghosts are the prototype of Scrooges friends Mallet. Novel hinted about Scrooge is stingy as Mallet, so when Scrooge was shocked when he saw three ghosts came to his home. In fact, Ghosts is Scrooges looks in mirror, Scrooge saw the fateful consequences of his evil deeds. It makes him anew examines himself. He knew stingy drove his mind inward and indiffence. From then on, he realized his errors and mended his ways.Three ghosts took Scrooge to the past, present and future. When they came to the past, they saw Scrooges boss, old Fezziwig, who treats him as his son. Scrooge thinks back on his life in the past. His boss not only gives him many add rewards but also give him an early start to his holiday. On Christmas Eve, old Fezziwig invite the fiddler to play Christmas songs. All of them laughing and singing together. Old Fezziwig stands a sharp contrast to the selfishness Scrooge. It let Scrooge know that it is easy enough to amuse other people. Scrooge says “No, spirit, you see, our employer can make us happy or sad. His words, his looks, all these things are so important! The happiness that he gives is just as valuable as money!” (Charles Dickens, 2006:34)Actually, old Fezziwig influenced Bob by his kindness. Th