福建医科大学博士研究生入学英语考试试卷2002.doc

博士研究生入学英语考试试卷 (2002. 5. 13)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down the answer on the Answer Sheet.1. While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping _ to give her long and flowing hair a Smooth.A. simultaneously B. occasionally C. eventually D. promptly2. Most electronic devices of this kind, _ manufactured for this purpose, are tightlyPacked.A. which is B. what are C. as are D. they are3. I found the missing letter _ on the top shelf.A. lying B. lain C. laying D. resting4. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _the consequences.A. run into B. abide by C. step into D. answer for5. Its usually the case that people seldom behave in a _ way when in a furious state.A. credible B. rational C. legal D. stable6. “May I take the instrument out of the laboratory?” “No, you _.”A. may not B. can not C. might not D. must not7. All the off-shore sailors were in high spirits as they read _ letters from their families.A. intimate B. affectionate C. sentimental D. sensitive8. _ on the table.A. There are three strong cup of coffeeB. Three strong cups of coffee are thereC. There are three cups of strong coffeeD. There are strong three cups of coffee9. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be _ in some form.A. given off B. set off C. used up D. put out10. A _ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval. A. scheme B. shorthand C. schedule D. sketch11. The business of each day, _ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.A. it being B. was it C. be it D. it was12. _ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. But for B. In spite of C. As for D. Because of 13. Today, housework has been made easier by electrical _.A. instruments B. appliances C. facilities D. equipment14. Dont _ the news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.A. retain B. discard C. relieve D. release15. Accustomed to climbing trees, _.A. it was not difficult to reach the topB. the top was not difficult to reachC. I had no difficult reaching the topD. To reach the top was not difficult16. _ his knowledge of the mountainous country, John Smith was appointed as guide. A. On account of B. In spite of C. Regardless of D. Instead of17. When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above _. A. ordinary B. average C. regular D. normal18. With sufficient scientific information a manned trip to Mars should be _.A. potential B. considerable C. feasible D. obtainable19. Why did you pay so much money for that small apartment? You _ better.A. should have known B. may have knownC. will have known D. must have known20. I was suspicious of his sincerity and remained _ by his many arguments.A. unconfirmed B. reassured C. unconvinced D. unconcerned21. “When _ again?” “When he _, Ill let you know.”A. he comes; comes B. will he come; comesC. he comes; will come D. will he come; will come 22. Because of the strong sun Mrs. Williams new dining room curtains _ from dark blue to gray within a year. A. faded B. fainted C. paled D. diminished23. Our attitude toward our teachers should be _, but not slavish or superstitious.A. respected B. respectable C. respective D. respectful24. There was _ to prevent the accident.A. something that could do B. anything we could doC. nothing we could do D. nothing could be done25. With all kinds of fabric samples, the designer could not make up her mind _.A. to select which one B. which one to selectC. which to be selected D. about selecting which26. Your help is _ for the success of the project.A. indispensable B. inevitable C. inherent D. indicative27. Lawyers often make higher _ for their work than they should.A. costs B. prices C. charges D. bills28. Dress warmly, _ youll catch cold.A. on the contrary B. or rather C. in no way D. or else29. The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and _ him of speeding.A. blamed B. accused C. deprived D. charged30. We were rather upset by his _ to support our proposal.A. rejecting B. refusing C. denying D. resistingPart II Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage One What does a scientist do when he or she “explains” something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deals with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal. Perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog , and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier responsefear. Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simple phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membranes of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain” these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another. The task of physiological psychology is to “explain” behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomenaincluding human behaviorare subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes. How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiologists cannot simply be reductionist. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time, Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: This means that we must understand “psychologically” why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.31. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The difference between “scientific” and “unscientific” explanations.B. The difference between human and animal behavior.C. What fear would be explained by the psychologist, physiologist, and molecular biologist.D. How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena.32. In the first paragraph, the word “deal” could best be replaced by which of the following?A. barter B. are playing C. bargain D. are concerned33. Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs?A. A child chokes on a fish-bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.B. A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.C. A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.D. A person hears that a snowstorms is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.34. According to the passage, which of the following is important in explaining a muscle movement? A. Classical conditioning. B. The flow of blood to the muscle. C. Protein interactions. D. The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane.35. The author implies that which of the following is the type of scientific explanation most likely used by a molecular biologist? A. Generalization B. Experimentation C. Interaction D. ReductionPassage Two You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward, You are aboard a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next to your starts moving forward. For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward. These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the bodys sensors and interpreting what must be happeningthat your train must have moved, not the other; that downward motions is now normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion. The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burning ten miles away. Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blue. By monitoring how any wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color” and relay those data backward. Rods and cones send their massages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture. Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual affects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called “the violet hour.” As light levels fall, the rods become active, and the cones become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorter wave-lengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to the gardens blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and youll still see it in its “true” colorwhite, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They therefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illumination on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shades of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors, called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. As the Renaissance inventor and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, “Who would believe that so small a space could contain the images of all the universe?” And only now, 500 years later, are we beginning to learn how the eyes do it.36. Visual illusions often happen when the image of reality is _.A. signaled by about 120 million rods in the eyeB. interpreted in the brain as what must be the caseC. confused in the bodys sensors of both rods and conesD. matched to six to seven million structures called cones37. The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of color is called _.A. cones B. color vision C. rods D. spectrum38. At night rods can be so active as to be able to see clearly _.A. red B. blue C. white D. violet39. The retina sends pulse to the brain _.A. in short wavelengths B. by a ganglion cellC. as color picture D. along the optic nerve40. Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous moving picture just because _.A. the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appearsB. the eyes catch million pieces of information continuouslyC. rods and cones send message 20 to 25 times a secondD. we see object in comparison with its surroundings41. The authors purpose in writing the passage is to _.A. regret that we are too slow in the study of eyesB. marvel at the great work done by the retinaC. inform us about the different functions of the eye organsD. show that we sometimes are deceived by our own eyesPassage ThreeAn invisible border divides those arguing of computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinctionindeed, contradictionwhich goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills takeat the very longesta couple of months to learn. In any case, basic skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.42. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is _.A. self-contradictory B. dubiously orientedC. far-reaching D. radically reformatory43. The belief that education is indispensable to all children _.A. is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries44. It could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the European model of professional training is _.A. of little practical valueB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesD. attractive to every kind of professional45. According to the author, basic computer skills should be _.A. highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsB. mastered through a life-long courseC. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseD. included as an auxiliary course in schoolPassage FourThe would-be sleeper who re-fights his daily battles in bed or rehearses tomorrows problemsfinds it hard to fall asleep. Then he starts worrying about his inability to sleep, which increases his insomniac, which increases his worries, which in a new development that may help the insomniac to break this vicious cycle, Dr. Werner P. Koella of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology has discovered a chemical in the brain that may control normal sleep.The substance, known as serotonin, is one of a number of so-called neurohormone in the brain that researchers suspect play an important part in controlling the mind and the emotions. Such chemicals, researchers have learned, assist in transmitting ne